HPRCA Hamirpur Laboratory Assistant (Biology & Serology) Exam Syllabus

 1. Syllabus as per Essential Qualification
A. FORENSICS:
i. History and development of Forensic Science: Forensic Science definition, Specific contribution of scientists in the field of Forensic Science. Development of Forensic Science in India. National and international scenario of teaching and research institution in Forensic Science.
ii. Basic of Forensic Science: Introduction, Definition, need, signification and scope of Forensic Science. Principles of Forensic Science, Locard’s exchange principle, law of natural variation, law of comparison, law of probability, and law of indivualisation. Domains in Forensic Science: Forensic Biology, Forensic Toxicology, Forensic Physics, Forensic Photography, Ballistics, Fingerprint, Questioned Documents, Forensic Psychology, Forensic Anthropology, Wild life Forensic, DNA profiling, Computer Forensic etc., Functions of Forensic Scientist, Police officers, Prosecution, Judicial Officers and Medico legal expert etc. Ethical issue in Forensic Science: Definition of ethics, professional standards for practice of Criminalistics, sanction against expert for unethical conduct. Frye standard and Daubart standard.
iii. Organization set up of Forensic Science Laboratory: Structure and function of State and regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, FBI and facilities provided, Mobile Forensic Science Laboratory and Directorate of Forensic Science Services. Police and Forensic scientist relationship, role of FSL in criminal investigation, relationship between forensic expert and judiciary officer, Importance of FSL, National and International scenario of FSL, facilities provided in forensic science laboratory. Ethical issue in FSLs.
iv. Crime scene investigation and management: Definition of crime scene, crimes without scene. Duties of crime scene investigator, processing of scene of crime: plan of action, protection of scene of crime, photography and video recording, documentation of crime scene and forwarding or dispatch of exhibit in to the laboratory. Classification of crime scene: indoor & outdoor, primary & secondary crime scene and search methods. Significance of crime scene, chain of custody and integrity of physical evidence. Standard operating instructions for collection of physical evidences and digital evidence from scene of crime and hash value. Definition of physical evidence, classification of physical evidence, types of physical evidences, sources of physical evidence, signification and value of physical evidence, linkage between crime scene, victim and criminal. 
v. Quality Management System (QMS): ISO/IEC 17025 Standards, ISO 9001 Standards, NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories) accreditation, certification, calibration, proficiency testing, Blind testing, inter and intra laboratory comparison, internal audit, uncertainty measurements, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification.

B. ZOOLOGY:
i. ANIMAL DIVERSITY: Kingdom Protista: General characters and classification up to classes; Locomotory Organelles and locomotion in Protozoa; Phylum Porifera: General characters and classification up to classes; Canal System in Sycon; Phylum Cnidaria :General characters and classification up to classes; Polymorphism in Hydrozoa; Phylum Platyhelminthes: General characters and classification up to classes; Life history of Taenia solium; Phylum Nemathelminthes : General characters and classification up to classes; Life history of Ascaris lumbricoides and its parasitic adaptations; Phylum Annelida: General characters and classification up to classes; Metamerism in Annelida ; Phylum Arthropoda: General characters and classification up to classes; Vision in Arthropoda, Metamorphosis in Insects; Phylum Mollusca: General characters and classification up to classes; Torsion in gastropods; Phylum Echinodermata: General characters and classification up to classes; Water-vascular system in Asteroidea ; Protochordates: General features and Phylogeny of Protochordata; Agnatha: General features of Agnatha and classification of cyclostomes up to classes ; Pisces :General features and Classification up to orders; Osmoregulation in Fishes ; Amphibia : General features and Classification up to orders; Parental care; Reptiles: General features and Classification up to orders; Poisonous and non-poisonous snakes, Biting mechanism in snakes; General features and Classification up to orders; Flight adaptations in birds; Mammals: Classification up to orders; Origin of mammals.
ii. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF VERTEBRATES: Integumentary System Derivatives of integument w.r.t. glands and digital tips; Skeletal System: Evolution of visceral arches; Digestive System: Brief account of alimentary canal and digestive glands; Respiratory System : Brief account of Gills, lungs, air sacs and swim bladder; Circulatory System: Evolution of heart and aortic arches; Urinogenital System: Succession of kidney, Evolution of urinogenital ducts; Nervous System: Comparative account of brain; Sense Organs: Types of receptors; Early Embryonic Development: Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and oogenesis w.r.t. mammals, vitellogenesis in birds; Fertilization: external (amphibians), internal (mammals), blocks to polyspermy; Early development of frog and humans (structure of mature egg and its membranes, patterns of cleavage, fate map, up to formation of gastrula);types of morphogenetic movements; Fate of germ layers; Late Embryonic Development : Implantation of embryo in humans, Formation of human placenta and functions, other types of placenta on the basis of histology; Metamorphic events in frog life  cycle and its hormonal regulation. Control of Development: Intercellular communication, cell movements and cell death.
iii. PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY: Nerve and muscle: Structure of a neuron, Resting membrane potential, Graded potential, Origin of Action potential and its propagation in myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibres, Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle, Molecular and chemical basis of muscle contraction; Early Embryonic Development: Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and oogenesis w.r.t. mammals, vitellogenesis in birds; Fertilization: external (amphibians), internal (mammals), blocks to polyspermy; Early development of frog and humans (structure of mature egg and its membranes, patterns of cleavage, fate map, up to formation of gastrula);types of morphogenetic movements; Fate of germ layers;Late Embryonic Development: Implantation of embryo in humans, Formation of human placenta and functions, other types of placenta on the basis of histology; Metamorphic events in frog life cycle and its hormonal regulation.Protein metabolism: Transamination, Deamination and Urea Cycle; Enzymes: Introduction, Mechanism of action, Inhibition and Regulation.

iv. GENETICS AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: Introduction to Genetics: Mendel’s work on transmission of traits, Genetic Variation, Molecular basis of Genetic Information. Mendelian Genetics and its Extension: Principles of Inheritance, Chromosome theory of inheritance, Incomplete dominance and co-dominance, Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles, Epistasis, Pleiotropy, sex linked inheritance, extrachromosomal inheritance. Linkage, Crossing Over and Chromosomal Mapping: Linkage and crossing over, Recombination frequency as a measure of linkage intensity, two factor and three factor crosses, Interference and coincidence. Mutations: Chromosomal Mutations: Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, Aneuploidy and Polyploidy; Gene mutations: Induced versus Spontaneous mutations, Back versus Suppressor mutations, Sex Determination: Chromosomal mechanisms, dosage compensation; History of Life: Major Events in History of Life; Introduction to Evolutionary Theories Lamarckism, Darwinism, NeoDarwinism; Direct Evidences of Evolution: Types of fossils, Incompleteness of fossil record, Dating of fossils, Phylogeny of horse. Processes of Evolutionary Change: Organic variations; Isolating Mechanisms; Natural selection (Example: Industrial melanism); Types of natural selection (Directional, Stabilizing, Disruptive), Artificial selection. Species Concept Biological species concept (Advantages and Limitations); Modes of speciation (Allopatric, Sympatric). Macro-evolution: Macroevolutionary Principles (example: Darwin’s Finches). Extinction: Mass extinction (Causes, Names of five major extinctions), Role of extinction in evolution.
v. APPLIED ZOOLOGY: Introduction to Host-parasite Relationship: Host, Definitive host, Intermediate host, Parasitism, Symbiosis, Commensalism, Reservoir, Zoonosis. Epidemiology of Diseases: Transmission, Prevention and control of diseases: Tuberculosis, typhoid. Rickettsiae and Spirochaetes:Brief account of Rickettsia  prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis and Treponema pallidum; Parasitic Protozoa: Life history and pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium vivax and Trypanosoma gambiense. Parasitic Helminthes: Life history and pathogenicity of Ancylostoma duodenale and Wuchereria bancrofti. Insects of Economic Importance: Biology, Control and damage caused by Helicoverpa armigera, Pyrilla perpusilla and Papilio demoleus, Callosobruchus chinensis, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum. Insects of Medical Importance: Medical importance and control of Pediculus humanus corporis, Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Xenopsylla cheopis. Animal Husbandry: Preservation and artificial insemination in cattle; Induction of early puberty and synchronization of estrus in cattle. Poultry Farming: Principles of poultry breeding, Management of breeding stock and broilers, Processing and preservation of eggs. Fish Technology: Genetic improvements in aquaculture industry; Induced breeding and transportation of fish see.
vi. ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: Introduction Concept and scope of biotechnology; Molecular Techniques in Gene manipulation Cloning vectors: Plasmids, Cosmids, Phagemids, Lambda Bacteriophage, M13, BAC, YAC, MAC and Expression vectors (characteristics) Restriction enzymes: Nomenclature, detailed study of Type II Transformation techniques: Calcium chloride method and electroporation. Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries and screening by colony and plaque hybridization Southern, Northern and Western blotting; DNA sequencing: Sanger method Polymerase Chain Reaction, DNA Finger Printing and DNA micro array. Genetically Modified Organisms Production of cloned and transgenic animals: Nuclear Transplantation, Retroviral Method, DNA microinjection Applications of transgenic animals: Production of pharmaceuticals, production of donor organs, knockout mice. Production of transgenic plants: Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Applications of transgenic plants: insect and herbicide resistant plants. Culture Techniques and Applications: Animal cell culture, Expressing cloned genes in mammalian cells, Molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases (Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia), Recombinant DNA in medicines: Recombinant insulin and human growth hormone, Gene therapy.
vii. AQUATIC BIOLOGY: Aquatic Biomes: Brief introduction of the aquatic biomes: Freshwater ecosystem (lakes, wetlands, streams and rivers), estuaries, intertidal zones, oceanic pelagic zone, marine benthic zone and coral reefs. Freshwater Biology Lakes: Origin and classification, Lake as an Ecosystem, Lake morphometry, Physico–chemical Characteristics: Light, Temperature, Thermal stratification, Dissolved Solids, Carbonate, Bicarbonates, Phosphates and Nitrates, Turbidity; dissolved gases (Oxygen, Carbon dioxide). Nutrient Cycles in Lakes-Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorous. Streams: Different stages of stream development, Physico-chemical environment, Adaptation of hill-stream fishes. Marine Biology: Salinity and density of Sea water, Continental shelf, Adaptations of deep sea organisms, Coral reefs, Sea weeds. Management of Aquatic Resources: Causes of  pollution: Agricultural, Industrial, Sewage, Thermal and Oil spills, Eutrophication, Management and conservation (legislations), Sewage treatment Water quality assessment- BOD and COD.
viii. INSECT, VECTORS AND DISEASES: Introduction to Insects General Features of Insects, Morphological features, Head – Eyes, Types of antennae, Mouth parts w.r.t. feeding habits. Insects as Vectors Classification of insects up to orders, detailed features of orders with insects as vectors – Diptera, Siphonaptera, Siphunculata, Hemiptera. Dipteran as Disease Vectors: Dipterans as important insect vectors – Mosquitoes, Sand fly, Houseflies; Study of mosquito-borne diseases – Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Viral encephalitis, Filariasis; Control of mosquitoes Study of sand fly-borne diseases – Visceral Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Phlebotomus fever; Control of Sand fly Study of house fly as important mechanical vector, Myiasis, Control of house fly. Siphonaptera as Disease Vectors: Fleas as important insect vectors; Host-specificity, Study of Flea-borne diseases – Plague, Typhus fever; Control of fleas. Siphunculata as Disease Vectors: Human louse (Head, Body and Pubic louse) as important insect vectors; Study of louse-borne diseases –Typhus fever, Relapsing fever, Trench fever, Vagabond’s disease, Phthiriasis; Control of human louse. Hempitera as Disease Vectors: Bugs as insect vectors; Blood-sucking bugs; Chagas disease, Bed bugs as mechanical vectors,Control and prevention measures.
ix. IMMUNOLOGY: Overview of the Immune System: Introduction to basic concepts in immunology, components of immune system, principles of innate and adaptive immune system. Cells and Organs of the Immune System: Haematopoeisis, Cells of immune system and organs (primary and second dary lymphoid organs) of the immune system. Antigens: Basic properties of antigens, B and T cell epitopes, haptens and adjuvants. Antibodies: Structure, classes and function of antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, antigen antibody interactions as tools for research and diagnosis. Working of the immune system Structure and functions of MHC, exogenous and endogenous pathways of antigen presentation and processing, Basic properties and functions of cytokines, Complement system: Components and pathways. Immune system in health and disease: Gell and Coombs’ classification and brief description of various types of hypersensitivities, Introduction to concepts of autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. Vaccines: General introduction to vaccines, Various types of vaccines.
x. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY: Reproductive Endocrinology: Gonadal hormones and mechanism of hormone action, steroids, glycoprotein hormones, and prostaglandins, hypothalamo – hypophyseal – gonadal axis, regulation of gonadotrophin secretion in male and female; Reproductive System: Development and differentiation of gonads, genital ducts, external genitalia, mechanism of sex differentiation. Functional anatomy of male reproduction: Outline and histological of male reproductive system in rat and human; Testis: Cellular functions, germ cell,  system cell renewal; Spermatogenesis: kinetics and hormonal regulation; Androgen synthesis and metabolism; Epididymal function and sperm maturation; Accessory glands functions; Sperm transportation in male tract. Functional anatomy of female reproduction: Outline and histological of female reproductive system in rat and human; Ovary: folliculogenesis, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and regression; Steroidogenesis and secretion of ovarian hormones; Reproductive cycles (rat and human) and their regulation, changes in the female tract; Ovum transport in the fallopian tubes; Sperm transport in the female tract, fertilization; Hormonal control of implantation; Hormonal regulation of gestation, pregnancy diagnosis, foeto – maternal relationship; Mechanism of parturition and its hormonal regulation; Lactation and its regulation. Reproductive Health: Infertility in male and female: causes, diagnosis and management; Assisted Reproductive Technology: sex selection, sperm banks, frozen embryos, in vitro fertilization, ET, EFT, IUT, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI, PROST; Modern contraceptive technologies; Demographic terminology used in family planning.
xi. MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS: Introduction to Medical Diagnostics and its Importance. Diagnostics Methods Used for Analysis of Blood: Blood composition, Preparation of blood smear and Differential Leucocyte Count (D.L.C) using Leishman’s stain, Platelet count using haemocytometer, Erythrocyte Sedimentary Rate (E.S.R), Packed Cell Volume (P.C.V.). Diagnostic Methods Used for Urine Analysis: Physical characteristics; Abnormal constituents. Non -infectious Diseases: Causes, types, symptoms, complications, diagnosis and prevention of Diabetes (Type I and Type II), Hypertension (Primary and secondary), Testing of blood glucose using Glucometer/Kit. Infectious Diseases: Causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis and prevention of Tuberculosis and Hepatitis. Tumours: Types (Benign/Malignant), Detection and metastasis; Medical imaging: X-Ray of Bone fracture, PET, MRI and CT Scan (using photographs). xii. APICULTURE: Biology of Bees: History, Classification and Biology of Honey Bees Social Organization of Bee Colony; Rearing of Bees: Artificial Bee rearing (Apiary), Beehives – Newton and Langstroth Bee Pasturage Selection of Bee Species for Apiculture Bee Keeping Equipment Methods of Extraction of Honey (Indigenous and Modern). Diseases and Enemies: Bee Diseases and Enemies Control and Preventive measures. Bee Economy: Products of Apiculture: Industry and its Uses (Honey, Bees Wax, Propolis), Pollen Etc. Entrepreneurship in Apiculture Bee Keeping Industry – Recent Efforts, Modern Methods in employing artificial Beehives for cross pollination in horticultural gardens.
xiii. SERICULTURE: Introduction: Sericulture: Definition, history and present status; Silk route Types of silkworms, Distribution and Races Exotic and indigenous races Mulberry and non-mulberry Sericulture ; Biology of Silkworm : Life cycle of Bombyx mori Structure of silk gland and secretion of silk ; Rearing of Silkworms: Selection of mulberry variety and establishment of mulberry garden Rearing house  and rearing appliances Disinfectants: Formalin, bleaching powder, RKO Silkworm rearing technology: Early age and Late age rearing Types of mountages Spinning, harvesting and storage of cocoons; Pests and Diseases: Pests of silkworm: Uzi fly, dermestid beetles and vertebrates Pathogenesis of silkworm diseases: Protozoan, viral, fungal and bacterial Control and prevention of pests and diseases Entrepreneurship in Sericulture: Prospectus of Sericulture in India: Sericulture industry in different states, employment, potential in mulberry and non-mulberry sericulture. Visit to various sericulture centres.
xiv. AQUARIUM FISH KEEPING: Introduction to Aquarium Fish Keeping: The potential scope of Aquarium Fish Industry as a Cottage Industry, Exotic and Endemic species of Aquarium Fishes. Biology of Aquarium Fishes: Common characters and sexual dimorphism of Fresh water and Marine Aquarium fishes such as Guppy, Molly, Sword tail, Gold fish, Angel fish, Blue morph, Anemone fish and Butterfly fish. Food and feeding of Aquarium fishes: Use of live fish feed organisms. Preparation and composition of formulated fish feeds; Fish Transportation: Live fish transport – Fish handling, packing and forwarding techniques. Maintenance of Aquarium: General Aquarium maintenance – budget for setting up an Aquarium Fish Farm as a Cottage Industry.
xv. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Foundations of Research: Meaning, Objectives, Motivation: Research Methods vs Methodology, Types of Research: Analytical vs Descriptive, Quantitative vs Qualitative, Basic vs Applied ; Research Design: Need for research design: Features of good design, Important concepts related to good design- Observation and Facts, Prediction and Explanation, Development of Models. Developing a research plan: Problem identification, Experimentation, Determining experimental and sample designs Data Collection, Analysis and Report Writing: Observation and Collection of Data-Methods of data collectionSampling Methods, Data Processing and Analysis Strategies, Technical Reports and Thesis writing, Preparation of Tables and Bibliography. Data Presentation using digital technology; Ethical Issues: Intellectual property Rights, Commercialization, Copy Right, Royalty, Patent law, Plagiarism, Citation, Acknowledgement.
C. BOTANY
i. BIODIVERSITY (MICROBES, ALGAE, FUNGI AND ARCHEGONIATES): Microbes: Viruses – Discovery, general structure, replication (general account), DNA virus (Tphage); Lytic and lysogenic cycle, RNA virus (TMV); Economic importance; Bacteria – Discovery, General characteristics and cell structure; Reproduction – vegetative, asexual and recombination (conjugation, transformation and transduction); Economic importance. Algae: General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; Range of thallus organization and reproduction; Brief account of classification of algae; Morphology and life-cycles of the following: Nostoc, Oedogonium, Vaucheria, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia. Economic importance of algae; Fungi : Introduction- General characteristics, ecology and significance, range of  thallus organization, cell wall composition , nutrition, reproduction and classification; Morphology and life cycles of Phytophthora, Rhizopus (Zygomycota) Penicillium, Venturia (Ascomycota), Puccinia, Agaricus (Basidiomycota); Symbiotic AssociationsLichens: General account, reproduction and significance. Bryophytes General characteristics, adaptations to land habit, Range of thallus organization. Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia and Funaria. (Developmental details not to be included). Ecology and economic importance of bryophytes with special mention of Sphagnum. Pteridophytes: General characteristics, Early land plants (Cooksonia and Rhynia). Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Selaginella, Equisetum and Adiantum. (Developmental details not to be included). Heterospory and seed habit, stelar evolution. Ecological and economical importance. Gymnosperms: General characteristics, Classification (up to family), Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Cycas and Pinus (Developmental details not to be included). Economic importance.
ii. PLANT ECOLOGY AND TAXONOMY: Introduction; Ecological factors; Soil: Origin, formation, composition, soil profile. Water: States of water in the environment, precipitation types. Light and temperature, Shelford law of tolerance. General account of adaptations in xerophytes and hydrophytes. Plant communities: Characters; Ecotone and edge effect; Succession; Processes and types (Hydrosere and Xerosere) ; Ecosystem: Structure; energy flow trophic organisation; Food chains and food webs, Ecological pyramids production and productivity; Biogeochemical cycling- Cycling of Nitrogen and Phosphoros. Introduction to plant taxonomy: Identification, Classification, Nomenclature. Identification: Functions of Herbarium, important herbaria and botanical gardens of the world and India; Documentation: Flora, Keys: single access and multi-access; Taxonomic evidences from cytology, phytochemistry and molecular data. Taxonomic hierarchy: Ranks, categories and taxonomic groups; Botanical nomenclature: Principles and rules (ICN); ranks and names; binominal system, typification, author citation, valid publication, rejection of names, principle of priority and its limitations; Classification: Types of classification-artificial, natural and phylogenetic. Bentham and Hooker (upto series), Engler and Prantl (upto series), Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) – general introduction; Biometrics, numerical taxonomy and cladistics: Characters; variations; OTUs, character weighting and coding; cluster analysis; phenograms, cladograms (definitions and differences).
iii. PLANT ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY: Meristematic and permanent tissues: Root and shoot apical meristems; Simple and complex tissues. Organs: Structure of dicot and monocot root stem and leaf. Adaptive and protective systems : Epidermis, cuticle, stomata; Secondary Growth: Vascular cambium – structure and function, seasonal activity. Secondary growth in root and stem, Wood (heartwood and sapwood). Anomalous Secondary Growth: Boerhaavia (Dicot) and Dracaena  (Monocot); Structural organization of flower: Flower- a modified shoot, Function of floral parts; Structure of anther and pollen; Microsporogenesis, Male gametophyte, Structure and types of ovules; gasporangium, Types of embryo sacs, organization and ultra structure of mature embryo sac. Pollination: Pollination mechanisms and adaptations. Fertilization: Double fertilization; Seed-structure, appendages and dispersal mechanisms. Embryo and endosperm: Endosperm types, structure and functions; Dicot and monocot embryo; Embryo-endosperm relationship, polyembryony.
iv. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM: Introduction: Applications of plant physiology in agriculture & horticulture. Plant-water relations: Importance of water, Diffusion. Osmosis, water potential and its components; Transpiration and its significance; Factors affecting transpiration; Root pressure and guttation, Mechanism of Stomatal movements. Mineral nutrition : Essential elements, macro and micronutrients; Criteria of essentiality of elements; Role of essential elements; Transport of ions across cell membrane, active and passive transport, carriers, channels and pumps. Translocation in phloem: Composition of phloem sap, girdling experiment; Pressure flow model; Phloem loading and unloading. Photosynthesis : Photosynthetic Pigments (Chl a, b, xanthophylls, carotene); Photosystem I and II, reaction center, antenna molecules; Electron transport and mechanism of ATP synthesis; C3, C4 and CAM pathways of carbon fixation; Photorespiration. Respiration: Glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, TCA cycle; Oxidative phosphorylation, Glyoxylate, Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Enzymes :Structure and properties; Mechanism of enzyme catalysis and enzyme inhibition. Nitrogen metabolism : Biological nitrogen fixation; Nitrate and ammonia assimilation. Plant growth regulators: Discovery and physiological roles of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene. Plant response to light and temperature: Photoperiodism (SDP, LDP, Day neutral plants); Phytochrome (discovery and structure), red and far red light responses on photomorphogenesis; Vernalization. Practical applications of vernalization and photoperiodism.
v. ECONOMIC BOTANY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: Cultivated Plants: Introduction, Research centres, Concept of centres of origin, their importance with reference to Vavilov’s work; Cereals: Wheat and Rice -Origin, morphology, uses; Pulses & Vegetables: General account with special reference to Gram , soybean and Potato; Spices: General account with special reference to clove, black pepper, cinnamon, Ginger and Turmeric (Botanical name, family, part used, morphology and uses); Beverages: Tea and Coffee (morphology, processing, uses); Oils and Sugar: General description with special reference to groundnut and sugarcane; Fibre Yielding Plants: General description with special reference to Cotton (Botanical name, family, partused, morphology and uses); Medicinal Plants: Brief account of Ocimum, Tinospora, Aloe, Rauvolfia, Emblica and Cathranthus; Introduction to Biotechnology: Tissue culture techniques, Micropropagation; haploid production  through androgenesis and gynogenesis; brief account of embryo & endosperm culture; Applications of plant tissue culture in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Biotechnological Techniques:Introduction to r-DNA, Cloning vehicles, Gene transfer techniques in plants, Transgenic plants, Agarose electrophoresis, Blotting techniques: Northern, Southern and Western Blotting, DNA Fingerprinting; Molecular DNA markers i.e. RAPD, RFLP, SNPs; DNA sequencing, PCR and Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. ELISA, Hybridoma and monoclonal an tibodies, ELISA and Immunodetection. Molecular diagnosis of human disease, Human gene Therapy.
vi. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN PLANT SCIENCES: Imaging and related techniques : Principles of microscopy; Light microscopy; Fluorescence microscopy; Confocal microscopy; Use of fluorochromes: (a) Flow cytometry (FACS); (b) Applications of fluorescence microscopy: Chromosome banding, FISH, chromosome painting; Transmission and Scanning electron microscopy – sample preparation for electron microscopy, cryofixation, negative staining, shadow casting, freeze fracture, freeze etching. Cell fractionation: Centrifugation: Differential and density gradient centrifugation, sucrose density gradient, CsCl2 gradient, analytical centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, marker enzymes. Radioisotopes: Use in biological research, auto-radiography, pulse chase experiment. Spectrophotometry: Principle and its application in biological research. Chromatography: Principle; Paper chromatography; Column chromatography, TLC, GLC, HPLC, Ionexchange chromatography; Molecular sieve chromatography; Affinity chromatography. Characterization of proteins and nucleic acids: Mass spectrometry; X-ray diffraction; X-ray crystallography; Characterization of proteins and nucleic acids; Electrophoresis: AGE, PAGE, SDS-Biostatistics: Statistics, data, population, samples, parameters; Representation of Data: Tabular, Graphical; Measures of central tendency: Arithmetic mean, mode, median; Measures of dispersion: Range, mean deviation, variation, standard deviation; Chi-square test for goodness of fit.
vii. CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Techniques in Biology: Principles of microscopy; Light Microscopy; Phase contrast microscopy; Fluorescence microscopy; Electron microscopy (EM)- Scanning EM and Scanning Transmission EM (STEM); Sample ; X-ray diffraction analysis. Cell as a unit of Life: The Cell Theory; Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Cell size and shape; Eukaryotic Cell components. Cell Organelles: Mitochondria: Structure, marker enzymes, composition; Semiautonomous nature; Symbiont hypothesis; Proteins synthesized within mitochondria; mitochondrial DNA. Chloroplast Structure, marker enzymes, composition; semiautonomous nature, chloroplast DNA. ER, Golgi body & Lysosomes: Structures and roles. Peroxisomes and Glyoxisomes: Structures, composition, functions in animals and plants and biogenesis. Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope- structure of nuclear pore complex; chromatin; molecular organization, DNA packaging in eukaryotes, euchromatin and heterochromatin, nucleolus and  ribosome structure (brief). Cell Membrane and Cell Wall :The functions of membranes; Models of membrane structure; The fluidity of membranes; Membrane proteins and their functions; Carbohydrates in the membrane; Faces of the membranes; Selective permeability of the membranes; Cell wall. Cell Cycle : Overview of Cell cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis; Molecular controls. Genetic material : DNA: Miescher to Watson and Crick- historic perspective, Griffith’s and Avery’s transformation experiments, Hershey-Chase bacteriophage experiment, DNA structure, types of DNA, types of genetic material. A replication rokaryotes and eukaryotes bidirectional replication, semi–conservative, semi discontinuous R A priming, Ǿ theta mode of replication, replication of linear, ds- A, replicating the end of linear chromosome including replication enzymes. Transcription (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes): Types of structures of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), RNA polymerase- various types; Translation (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes), genetic code. Regulation of gene expression: Prokaryotes:Lac operon and Tryptophan operon ; and in Eukaryotes.
viii. GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING: Heredity Brief life history of Mendel 1. Terminologies 2. Laws of Inheritance 3. Modified Mandelian Ratios: 2:1- lethal Genes; 1:2:1- Codominance, incomplete dominance; 9:7; 9:4:3; 13:3; 12:3:1. 4. Chi Square 5. Pedigree Analysis 6. Cytoplasmic Inheritance: Shell Coiling in Snail, Kappa particles in Paramecium, leaf variegation in Mirabilis jalapa, Male sterility. 7. Multiple allelism 8. Pleiotropism 9. Chromosome theory of Inheritance. Sexdetermination and Sex-linked Inheritance: Linkage and Crossing over: Linkage: concept & history, complete & incomplete linkage, bridges experiment, coupling & repulsion, recombination frequency, linkage maps based on two and three factor crosses. Crossing over: concept and significance, cytological proof of crossing over. Mutations and Chromosomal Aberrations: Types of mutations, effects of physical & chemical mutagens. Numerical chromosomal changes: Euploidy, Polyploidy and Aneuploidy; Structural chromosomal changes: Deletions, Duplications, Inversions & Translocations. Plant Breeding :Introduction and objectives. Breeding systems: modes of reproduction in crop plants. Important achievements and undesirable consequences of plant breeding. Methods of crop improvement : Introduction: Centres of origin and domestication of crop plants, plant genetic resources; Acclimatization; Selection methods: For self pollinated, cross pollinated and vegetatively propagated plants; Hybridization: For self, cross and vegetatively propagated plants – Procedure, advantages and limitations. Quantitative inheritance: Concept, mechanism, examples. Monogenic vs polygenic Inheritance. Inbreeding depression and heterosis : History, genetic basis of inbreeding depression and heterosis; Applications. Crop improvement and breeding: Role of mutations; Polyploidy; Distant hybridization and role of biotechnology in crop improvement. 
ix. BIOFERTILIZERS:Fertilizers: Introduction, Types of fertilizers and their advantages and disadvantages, Brief account of microbes used as biofertilizer, Marketable forms of biofertilizers; Rhizobium: General account, Isolation, Identification, Mass multiplication, Carrier based inoculants, Application, Crop response; Actinorrhizal Symbiosis- Frankia, Host-microsymbiont relationship, Isolation, Culture, Application and Advantages; Azospirillum: Isolation and mass multiplication, Carrier based inoculant, Crop response; Azotobacter: Characteristics, Isolation and mass multiplication, Application and Crop response. Phosphate Solubilizing Organisms: Introduction, Isolation, Culture and Applications. Cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae): Azolla and Anabaena azollae association, Nitrogen fixation, Factors affecting growth, Blue green algae and Azolla in rice cultivation. Mycorrhizal Association: Types of mycorrhizal association, Taxonomy, Occurrence and distribution, Phosphorus nutrition, Growth and yield; VAM – Isolation and inoculum production, Influence on growth and yield of crop plants. Organic Farming – Green manuring and organic fertilizers, Recycling of biodegradable municipal, agricultural and Industrial wastes; Biocompost making methods, Types and method of vermicomposting, field Application.
x. GARDENING AND FLORICULTURE: Landscape Gardening and Floriculture: Definitions of Landscape Gardening and Floriculture, history of gardening, importance, status and scope of Floriculture and Landscaping; landscaping of homes, educational institutions, highways and public parks. Gardening operations: Soil laying, Manuring, Watering, Management of pests and diseases; Soil sterilization; Seed sowing; Pricking; Planting and transplanting; Shading; Stopping or pinching; Defoliation; Mulching; Pruning, Topiary making. Garden Designs, Principles, Types and Features: Principles and Elements of Garden Designs, Formal and Informal gardens, English, Mughal and Japanese gardens; Features of a garden (Garden wall, Fencing, Steps, Hedge, Edging, Lawn, Flower beds, Shrubbery, Borders, Rock garden, Water garden. Some Famous gardens of India. Propagation of Garden Plants: Sexual and vegetative methods of propagation; Role of plant growth regulators. Ornamental Plants: Flowering annuals; Herbaceous perennials; Shrubs, Climbers; Ornamental trees; Ornamental bulbous plants; Palms and Cycads; Potted plants and indoor gardening; Bonsai. Commercial Floriculture: Factors affecting growth and flower production of ornamentals; Cultivation of Important flower crops (Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Gladiolus, Marigold, Rose, Lilium); Post Harvest Management: Post- harvest handling of important flower crops, methods to prolong vase life, packaging, storage and transport of flower crops, Flower arrangements and other floral crafts.
xi. MEDICINAL BOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY: Traditional Systems of Medicine: Brief history of use of medicinal herbs; Introduction to indigenous systems of medicines- Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha system of medicine; Ethnobotany: Introduction, concept, scope and objectives; Ethnobotany as an interdisciplinary  science. The relevance of ethnobotany in the present context; Major and minor ethnic groups or Tribals of India, and their life styles. Plants Used by the Tribals: a) Food plants b) intoxicants and beverages c) Resins and oils and miscellaneous uses. d Sacred plants; Methodology of Ethnobotanical Studies: a) Field work b) Herbarium c) Ancient Literature d) Archaeological findings e) temples and sacred places. Role of ethnobotany in modern Medicine Medico-ethnobotanical sources in India; Significance of the following plants in ethno botanical practices (along with their habitat and morphology) a) Azadiractha indica b) Ocimum sanctum c) Vitex negundo. d) Gloriosa superba e) Tribulus terrestris f) Pongamia pinnata g) Cassia auriculata h) Indigofera tinctoria. Role of ethnobotany in modern medicine with special example Rauvolfia sepentina, Taxus wallichiana, Trichopus zeylanicus, Artemisia, Withania. Role of ethnic groups in conservation of plant genetic resources. Endangered taxa and forest management (participatory forest management). Ethnobotany and Legal Aspects: Ethnobotany as a tool to protect interests of ethnic groups. Sharing of wealth concept with few examples from India. Biopiracy, Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional Knowledge.
xii. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY: Introduction, history. Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Nutrition and nutraceuticals – Proteins, amino acids, mineral elements nutrition, carbohydrates, crude fibre content , vitamins; Poisonous mushrooms. Cultivation Technology : Infrastructure: substrates (locally available) Polythene bag,vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house) water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium, Sterilization, Preparation of spawn, Multiplication. Cultivation practices of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus sp. and Volvoriella volvacea. Composting technology in mushroom production, Low cost technology, Mushroom bed preparation – paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation. Storage: Short-term storage (Refrigeration – upto 24 hours) Long term Storage (canning, pickels, papads), drying, storage in salt solutions. Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from mushroom. Research Centres -National level and Regional level. Cost benefit ratio – Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value Diseases and Pests of Mushrooms.

2. General Awareness (a) General knowledge: General Knowledge including General knowledge of HP (b) Current Affairs . (c) Everyday Science . (d) Logical Reasoning . (e) Social Science (10th standard). (f) General English (10th standard) (g) General Hindi (10th standard)

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