Pre-Vedic and Vedic Culture | HP Patwari Notes & MCQs

Prepare for the HP Patwari Exam with complete bilingual (Hindi & English) notes on The Indus Valley Civilization. . The article also includes 20+ important bilingual MCQs based on the latest exam pattern to help you strengthen your History and General Knowledge preparation.

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Pre-Vedic and Vedic Culture | HP Patwari Notes & MCQs

📚 Pre-Vedic and Vedic Culture — Important Notes for Patwari Exam

PART–1: PRE-VEDIC CULTURE

प्री–वैदिक संस्कृति / सिंधु–सरस्वती सभ्यता

1. Basic Introduction | मूल परिचय

Fact	English	हिंदी
Civilization	Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) / Harappan Civilization	सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता / हड़प्पा सभ्यता
Period	Mature Harappan phase: c. 2600–1900 BCE	परिपक्व हड़प्पा काल: लगभग 2600–1900 ई.पू.
Name	Harappan Civilization	हड़प्पा सभ्यता
Named after	Harappa	हड़प्पा के नाम पर
First discovered	Harappa, 1921	हड़प्पा, 1921
Excavator at Harappa	Daya Ram Sahni	दयाराम साहनी
Mohenjo-daro excavator	R. D. Banerji	राखालदास बनर्जी
Archaeological Director-General	Sir John Marshall	सर जॉन मार्शल

Important:

Harappa was excavated in 1921, while Mohenjo-daro was excavated in 1922.

2. Geographical Extent | भौगोलिक विस्तार

The civilization covered a very large area of present-day:

• India
• Pakistan
• Parts of Afghanistan

Four extreme points

Direction	Site	Present location
North	Manda	Jammu & Kashmir
South	Daimabad	Maharashtra
East	Alamgirpur	Uttar Pradesh
West	Sutkagendor	Balochistan, Pakistan

Exam Trick

Manda = North
Daimabad = South
Alamgirpur = East
Sutkagendor = West

याद रखने की Trick: M-D-A-S = North-South-East-West नहीं, इसलिए directions को अलग से याद करें।

3. Major Harappan Sites | प्रमुख हड़प्पा स्थल

🏛️ Harappa — हड़प्पा

Location: Punjab, Pakistan
River: Ravi

Important discoveries/features:

• Granary-like structures
• Cemetery R-37
• Terracotta figurines
• Seals
• Evidence of agriculture

Excavator: Daya Ram Sahni

4. Mohenjo-daro — मोहनजोदड़ो

Location: Sindh, Pakistan
River: Indus

Famous for:

• Great Bath
• Bronze Dancing Girl
• Priest/King sculpture
• Planned drainage system
• Large public buildings

Great Bath

• Located in the Citadel
• Made of baked bricks
• Waterproofing was used
• Probably had a ritual/public significance

Dancing Girl

• Made of bronze
• Found at Mohenjo-daro
• Made using Lost-wax technique

Important:

The famous stone sculpture often called “Priest-King” was found at Mohenjo-daro.

5. Dholavira — धोलावीरा

Location: Kutch, Gujarat
Island: Khadir Bet

Famous for:

• Advanced water-management system
• Reservoirs
• Water channels
• Large settlement planning
• Signboard with large Indus symbols
• Three-part town planning

Special Fact:

Dholavira was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2021.

6. Lothal — लोथल

Location: Gujarat
Near: Gulf of Khambhat

Famous for:

• Dockyard
• Bead-making industry
• Trade
• Fire altars
• Rice evidence

Exam Question:

Which Harappan site is famous for its dockyard?
➡️ Lothal

7. Kalibangan — कालीबंगा

Location: Rajasthan
River: Ghaggar

Famous for:

• Ploughed agricultural field
• Fire altars
• Pre-Harappan and Harappan phases
• Evidence of earthquake-related destruction has been proposed

Most Important:

Kalibangan = Ploughed field

8. Rakhigarhi — राखीगढ़ी

Location: Haryana

Important:

• One of the largest known Harappan sites
• Major archaeological site of the Harappan civilization

9. Banawali — बनावली

Location: Haryana
River region: Saraswati/Ghaggar-Hakra system

Famous for:

• Pre-Harappan and Harappan cultural phases
• Planned settlement

10. Surkotada — सुरकोटड़ा

Location: Gujarat

Important:

• Evidence interpreted by some archaeologists as horse remains
• Fortified settlement

Exam Caution:

Horse evidence in Harappan civilization is debated, so don’t write that horses were definitely widespread in Harappan society.

11. Chanhudaro — चन्हूदड़ो

Location: Sindh, Pakistan

Famous for:

• Bead-making
• Craft production
• Shell and metal work

Special Fact:

Often described as a Harappan site without a large citadel.

12. Short Site–Feature Table

Site	Important Feature
Harappa	Cemetery R-37
Mohenjo-daro	Great Bath
Lothal	Dockyard
Kalibangan	Ploughed field
Dholavira	Water management
Rakhigarhi	One of largest Harappan sites
Chanhudaro	Bead/craft production
Surkotada	Debated horse evidence
Banawali	Fortified/planned settlement
Alamgirpur	Eastern extent
Manda	Northern extent
Daimabad	Southern extent
Sutkagendor	Western extent

PART–2: TOWN PLANNING

नगर नियोजन

Harappan civilization is famous for urban planning.

Main Features

1. Grid pattern
   • Roads generally intersected at approximately right angles.
   • सड़कें एक–दूसरे को लगभग समकोण पर काटती थीं।

1. Citadel

1. • Raised western part in many major settlements.
   • ऊँचा दुर्ग क्षेत्र।

1. Lower Town

1. • Residential area.
   • सामान्य आवासीय क्षेत्र।

1. Drainage System

1. • Covered drains
   • Inspection points
   • Household drainage connections

1. Standardized bricks

1. • Standard brick proportions were widely used.
   • Commonly cited ratio: 1:2:4

PART–3: ECONOMY

अर्थव्यवस्था

Agriculture | कृषि

Main crops included:

• Wheat — गेहूँ
• Barley — जौ
• Peas — मटर
• Sesame — तिल
• Mustard — सरसों
• Dates — खजूर
• Cotton — कपास

Important Fact

Harappans are among the earliest known communities associated with cotton cultivation/use.

Rice

Evidence of rice has been found at some sites, particularly Lothal and Rangpur, but rice was not the dominant crop throughout the civilization.

4. Animals | पशु

Harappans knew/usefully represented:

• Bull
• Buffalo
• Sheep
• Goat
• Dog
• Elephant
• Rhinoceros
• Camel

Important:

The humped bull is frequently represented on Harappan seals.

5. Trade | व्यापार

Harappans had internal as well as long-distance trade.

Major trading contacts:

• Mesopotamia
• Oman region
• Persian Gulf region
• Afghanistan

Mesopotamian name

Mesopotamian texts mention a region called Meluhha, generally associated with the Indus civilization.

Important trade items:

• Carnelian beads
• Lapis lazuli
• Shell
• Metals
• Timber
• Cotton/textiles

PART–4: METALS

धातु

Harappans knew:

• Copper
• Bronze
• Gold
• Silver
• Lead
• Tin

Important:

Iron was NOT a characteristic metal of the Mature Harappan civilization.

Bronze

Copper + Tin = Bronze

PART–5: SCRIPT

लिपि

Harappan script:

• Remains undeciphered
• Mostly found on seals and pottery/other objects
• Often written right-to-left
• Some inscriptions show boustrophedon writing

Exam Question:

Has Harappan script been deciphered?
➡️ No

PART–6: RELIGION

धर्म

There is archaeological evidence suggesting:

Mother Goddess

• Female figurines have been interpreted by some scholars as fertility/mother-goddess figures.
• However, their exact religious meaning is uncertain.

Pashupati Seal

A famous seal from Mohenjo-daro depicts a horned seated figure surrounded by animals.

It has traditionally been interpreted as a proto-Shiva/Pashupati figure, but this interpretation is not certain.

Sacred trees

• Peepal/tree symbolism appears on seals and objects.

Animals

Animal symbolism was important.

PART–7: ART & CRAFT

कला एवं शिल्प

Dancing Girl

• Bronze
• Mohenjo-daro
• Lost-wax technique

Priest-King

• Steatite/stone sculpture
• Mohenjo-daro

Beads

Harappans were highly skilled in:

• Carnelian
• Agate
• Faience
• Shell

PART–8: VEDIC CULTURE

वैदिक संस्कृति

The Vedic period is broadly divided into:

1. Early Vedic Period

c. 1500–1000 BCE

Also called:

• Rig Vedic Period
• ऋग्वैदिक काल

2. Later Vedic Period

c. 1000–600 BCE

PART–9: VEDAS

चार वेद

Veda	Main content
Rigveda	Hymns
Samaveda	Musical chants
Yajurveda	Sacrificial formulas
Atharvaveda	Spells, charms, prayers, everyday concerns

Easy Trick:

Rig = Recitation
Sama = Singing
Yajur = Yajna
Atharva = Everyday life/magic

1. Rigveda — ऋग्वेद

Most important Veda for exams

• Oldest Veda
• Contains 10 Mandalas
• Contains 1,028 hymns (suktas)
• Around 10,500 verses are commonly counted

Important:

The Rigveda is the oldest surviving Indo-European religious text in a broad historical sense.

2. Samaveda — सामवेद

Mainly contains verses intended to be sung during rituals.

Important:

Indian classical musical tradition is traditionally associated with Samaveda, but saying that modern classical music directly originated solely from it is an oversimplification.

3. Yajurveda — यजुर्वेद

Concerned mainly with:

• Yajna
• Ritual formulas
• Sacrificial procedures

Two major forms:

• Shukla Yajurveda
• Krishna Yajurveda

4. Atharvaveda — अथर्ववेद

Contains:

• Prayers
• Charms
• Spells
• Healing-related practices
• Domestic concerns

PART–10: VEDANGAS

वेदांग

There are 6 Vedangas.

Vedanga	Subject
Shiksha	Phonetics
Kalpa	Ritual
Vyakarana	Grammar
Nirukta	Etymology
Chandas	Metre
Jyotisha	Astronomy/ritual calendar

Trick:

शि–क–व्य–नि–छं–ज्यो

PART–11: IMPORTANT VEDIC TEXTS

वैदिक साहित्य

Brahmanas

Explain:

• Rituals
• Sacrifices
• Meaning of rituals

Aranyakas

Called forest texts.

Focus on:

• Ritual symbolism
• Philosophical speculation

Upanishads

Focus on:

• Brahman
• Atman
• Knowledge
• Moksha
• Philosophical questions

Important:

Shruti = Vedas and traditionally associated revealed texts

Smriti = remembered tradition/literature

PART–12: RIG VEDIC GEOGRAPHY

ऋग्वैदिक भूगोल

Early Vedic people mainly lived in the region called:

Sapta-Sindhu

Land of Seven Rivers

The Rigveda mentions several rivers.

Important rivers:

• Sindhu — Indus
• Vitasta — Jhelum
• Asikni — Chenab
• Parushni — Ravi
• Vipash — Beas
• Shutudri — Sutlej
• Sarasvati

Important River Identification

Ancient name	Modern name
Sindhu	Indus
Vitasta	Jhelum
Asikni	Chenab
Parushni	Ravi
Vipash	Beas
Shutudri	Sutlej
Kubha	Kabul
Gomati	Gomal
Krumu	Kurram

PART–13: BATTLE OF TEN KINGS

दस राजाओं का युद्ध

Battle:

Dasarajna

Source:

Rigveda

Main figure:

King Sudas

Priest associated with Sudas:

Vashishtha

Opposing coalition:

A group of tribes/kings.

River:

Parushni (Ravi)

Important:

Sudas belonged to the Bharata tribe.

PART–14: VEDIC POLITICAL SYSTEM

वैदिक राजनीतिक व्यवस्था

King — Raja

The king was not an absolute monarch in the modern sense.

He depended on:

• Tribal groups
• Assemblies
• Chiefs
• Priests

Important political terms:

Jana = Tribe/people

Vis = Clan/common people

Grama = Village/group

Kula = Family

Hierarchy:

Kula → Grama → Vis → Jana

PART–15: IMPORTANT ASSEMBLIES

Sabha

• Smaller/select assembly
• Important social/political body

Samiti

• Larger popular assembly
• Discussed important tribal/political matters

Vidatha

An important early Vedic institution with social, religious and possibly military functions.

Exam Difference

Sabha	Samiti
Smaller/select body	Larger assembly
Political/social role	Broader political role
Important in Rigvedic period	Important in Rigvedic period

Caution: Exact membership and functions are debated; exam books often simplify Sabha as a smaller/select assembly and Samiti as a broader popular assembly.

PART–16: VEDIC ADMINISTRATION

Important officials:

Purohita

• Chief priest/adviser
• Important political influence

Senani

• Military commander

Gramani

• Leader of a village/group

Vratya

Groups outside the orthodox Vedic social order; the term has multiple contextual meanings.

PART–17: VEDIC ECONOMY

वैदिक अर्थव्यवस्था

Early Vedic Economy

Main basis:

Pastoralism

Cattle were extremely important.

Cattle = Wealth

Terms:

• Gomat = rich in cattle
• Gavishti = literally “search/striving for cows”; associated with cattle raids/warfare

Agriculture

Agriculture was also known, but pastoralism was especially important in the Early Vedic period.

PART–18: LATER VEDIC ECONOMY

During Later Vedic period:

• Agriculture became more important
• Iron use expanded
• Permanent settlements increased
• Forest clearance increased
• Territorial states became stronger

Iron

Later Vedic texts use the term:

Shyama Ayas / Krishna Ayas

often interpreted as iron/dark metal.

PART–19: FOUR VARNA SYSTEM

चार वर्ण व्यवस्था

Early Vedic

Social divisions were comparatively flexible.

Later Vedic

Varna distinctions became more pronounced.

Four Varnas:

1. Brahmana — Priests
2. Kshatriya — Warriors/rulers
3. Vaishya — Producers/traders
4. Shudra — Service/labour group

PART–20: PURUSHA SUKTA

The Purusha Sukta is found in Rigveda, 10th Mandala, 90th Sukta.

It describes the four varnas symbolically as emerging from the cosmic Purusha:

• Brahmana → Mouth
• Rajanya/Kshatriya → Arms
• Vaishya → Thighs
• Shudra → Feet

Very Important:

The Purusha Sukta is associated with Rigveda 10.90.

PART–21: POSITION OF WOMEN

महिलाओं की स्थिति

Early Vedic Period

Women generally enjoyed a comparatively better social position.

Evidence indicates:

• Participation in religious activities
• Education for some women
• Presence of learned women
• Marriage generally at a later age than in some later periods

Famous female thinkers/seers:

• Gargi
• Maitreyi
• Lopamudra
• Ghosha
• Apala

Later Vedic Period

Women’s position gradually became more restricted in several social spheres.

PART–22: VEDIC MARRIAGE

विवाह

Later Vedic and Dharmashastra traditions describe eight forms of marriage:

1. Brahma
2. Daiva
3. Arsha
4. Prajapatya
5. Asura
6. Gandharva
7. Rakshasa
8. Paishacha

Exam Tip:

Gandharva marriage = marriage based on mutual love/consent.

Rakshasa marriage = forcible abduction.

Paishacha marriage = condemned form involving sexual exploitation of a woman who is incapacitated/unaware.

PART–23: VEDIC RELIGION

वैदिक धर्म

Early Vedic religion was mainly based on:

• Nature forces
• Sacrifices
• Hymns
• Offerings

Major Gods

Indra

• Most prominent deity in Rigveda
• God associated with thunder, storms and warfare
• Slayer of Vritra
• Called Vritrahana

Agni

• Fire god
• Mediator between humans and gods
• Very important in sacrificial rituals

Soma

• Deity and sacred ritual drink
• Important in Vedic rituals

Varuna

• Associated with Rita (cosmic/moral order)

Surya

• Sun deity

Ushas

• Dawn goddess

Vayu

• Wind deity

Ashvins

• Twin divine figures
• Associated with healing and rescue

PART–24: IMPORTANT GODS — EXAM RANKING

Rigvedic importance

Indra → Agni → Soma

A commonly cited fact:

• Indra: about 250 hymns
• Agni: about 200 hymns
• Soma: about 120 hymns

Exact counting can vary according to classification, but these are the standard exam figures.

PART–25: RITA

ऋत

Rita = Cosmic order / universal order

It represented the principle that maintained:

• Natural order
• Moral order
• Proper functioning of the universe

Associated deity:

Varuna

PART–26: LATER VEDIC RELIGION

During Later Vedic period:

Importance increased of:

• Prajapati
• Vishnu
• Rudra

At the same time, elaborate sacrifices became increasingly important.

Major sacrifices

Ashvamedha
→ Horse sacrifice; associated with royal power.

Rajasuya
→ Royal consecration/legitimacy ritual.

Vajapeya
→ Important royal sacrifice.

PART–27: VEDIC EDUCATION

वैदिक शिक्षा

Gurukul system

Students lived with the teacher/guru.

Main features:

• Oral learning
• Memorization
• Discipline
• Religious and practical education

Major subjects

• Vedas
• Grammar
• Philosophy
• Mathematics
• Astronomy
• Ethics
• Warfare for relevant groups

PART–28: ASHRAMA SYSTEM

चार आश्रम

1. Brahmacharya — Student life
2. Grihastha — Householder
3. Vanaprastha — Retirement/forest-dwelling stage
4. Sannyasa — Renunciation

Easy Trick:

Study → Family → Retirement → Renunciation

PART–29: VEDIC VILLAGE & SOCIETY

Kula

Family

Grama

Village

Vis

Clan/common people

Jana

Tribe

Janapada

Territorial state — became particularly important toward the end of the Vedic period and after.

PART–30: TRANSITION FROM EARLY TO LATER VEDIC PERIOD

Early Vedic	Later Vedic
Pastoral economy important	Agriculture increasingly important
Cattle major wealth	Land/agriculture increasingly important
Tribal organization	Territorial kingdoms
Raja had limited power	Kings became more powerful
Sabha/Samiti important	Their importance declined
Indra, Agni prominent	Prajapati, Vishnu, Rudra gained importance
Simple sacrifices	Elaborate sacrifices
Social divisions relatively flexible	Varna hierarchy stronger
Northwest focus	Ganga-Yamuna region increasingly important
Iron not characteristic	Iron increasingly used

PART–31: IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY

Term	Meaning
Jana	Tribe
Vis	Clan/people
Kula	Family
Grama	Village/group
Raja	King
Purohita	Chief priest
Senani	Military commander
Gramani	Village/group leader
Sabha	Assembly
Samiti	Broader assembly
Vidatha	Early social/religious/military institution
Bali	Tribute/offering
Gavishti	Search/struggle for cows
Rita	Cosmic order
Yajna	Sacrifice
Soma	Sacred drink/deity
Ashvamedha	Horse sacrifice
Rajasuya	Royal consecration
Vajapeya	Royal/ritual sacrifice

PART–32: PRE-VEDIC vs VEDIC CULTURE

Topic	Harappan Culture	Vedic Culture
Main phase	c. 2600–1900 BCE	c. 1500–600 BCE broadly
Nature	Urban	Initially pastoral, later agricultural/territorial
Script	Undeciphered	Vedic Sanskrit transmitted orally
Town planning	Highly developed	Not major feature
Drainage	Highly developed	Not comparable
Great Bath	Mohenjo-daro	No equivalent
Dockyard	Lothal	No
Main wealth	Agriculture + trade + cattle	Early: cattle; Later: agriculture/land
Iron	Not characteristic	Important in Later Vedic period
Religion	Archaeological interpretations	Vedic sacrificial religion
Major deity	Cannot be securely identified	Indra, Agni, Soma etc.
Horse	Limited/debated evidence	Important
Cattle	Important	Extremely important
Writing	Seals/inscriptions	Oral tradition
Political unit	Cities/settlements	Jana → Janapada development

Pre-Vedic & Vedic Culture — Comprehensive Bilingual MCQs

प्री–वैदिक एवं वैदिक संस्कृति — पटवारी परीक्षा हेतु MCQs

Section A: Pre-Vedic / Harappan Culture

Question 1.

The Harappan Civilization is also known as which of the following?
हड़प्पा सभ्यता को निम्नलिखित में से किस नाम से भी जाना जाता है?

A) Vedic Civilization / वैदिक सभ्यता
B) Indus Valley Civilization / सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
C) Mauryan Civilization / मौर्य सभ्यता
D) Gupta Civilization / गुप्त सभ्यता

Answer: B

Question 2.

The Harappan Civilization is named after which archaeological site?
हड़प्पा सभ्यता का नाम किस पुरातात्विक स्थल के नाम पर पड़ा है?

A) Mohenjo-daro / मोहनजोदड़ो
B) Lothal / लोथल
C) Harappa / हड़प्पा
D) Dholavira / धोलावीरा

Answer: C

Question 3.

Who first excavated Harappa in 1921?
1921 में हड़प्पा का उत्खनन सबसे पहले किसने किया था?

A) R. D. Banerji / आर. डी. बनर्जी
B) Daya Ram Sahni / दयाराम साहनी
C) John Marshall / जॉन मार्शल
D) Mortimer Wheeler / मॉर्टिमर व्हीलर

Answer: B

Question 4.

Mohenjo-daro is located in which present-day region?
मोहनजोदड़ो वर्तमान में किस क्षेत्र में स्थित है?

A) Punjab, India / पंजाब, भारत
B) Sindh, Pakistan / सिंध, पाकिस्तान
C) Gujarat, India / गुजरात, भारत
D) Haryana, India / हरियाणा, भारत

Answer: B

Question 5.

Which river is associated with Harappa?
हड़प्पा किस नदी के तट पर स्थित था?

A) Ravi / रावी
B) Indus / सिंधु
C) Sutlej / सतलुज
D) Ghaggar / घग्गर

Answer: A

Question 6.

Which Harappan site is famous for the Great Bath?
कौन–सा हड़प्पाई स्थल Great Bath के लिए प्रसिद्ध है?

A) Harappa / हड़प्पा
B) Lothal / लोथल
C) Mohenjo-daro / मोहनजोदड़ो
D) Kalibangan / कालीबंगा

Answer: C

Question 7.

The Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro was mainly constructed using which material?
मोहनजोदड़ो का Great Bath मुख्यतः किस सामग्री से बनाया गया था?

A) Baked bricks / पकी ईंटें
B) Wood / लकड़ी
C) Marble / संगमरमर
D) Granite / ग्रेनाइट

Answer: A

Question 8.

The famous bronze Dancing Girl was discovered at:
प्रसिद्ध कांस्य Dancing Girl की खोज कहाँ हुई थी?

A) Harappa / हड़प्पा
B) Mohenjo-daro / मोहनजोदड़ो
C) Lothal / लोथल
D) Dholavira / धोलावीरा

Answer: B

Question 9.

The Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-daro was made using which technique?
मोहनजोदड़ो की Dancing Girl किस तकनीक से बनाई गई थी?

A) Stone carving / पत्थर तराशी
B) Lost-wax technique / मोम–क्षय तकनीक
C) Wood carving / लकड़ी तराशी
D) Pottery wheel technique / चाक तकनीक

Answer: B

Question 10.

Which Harappan site is famous for its dockyard?
कौन–सा हड़प्पाई स्थल अपने dockyard के लिए प्रसिद्ध है?

A) Kalibangan / कालीबंगा
B) Lothal / लोथल
C) Harappa / हड़प्पा
D) Rakhigarhi / राखीगढ़ी

Answer: B

Question 11.

Lothal is located in which present-day state of India?
लोथल वर्तमान भारत के किस राज्य में स्थित है?

A) Rajasthan / राजस्थान
B) Haryana / हरियाणा
C) Gujarat / गुजरात
D) Punjab / पंजाब

Answer: C

Question 12.

Which Harappan site provides evidence of a ploughed field?
किस हड़प्पाई स्थल से जुते हुए खेत का प्रमाण मिला है?

A) Kalibangan / कालीबंगा
B) Lothal / लोथल
C) Dholavira / धोलावीरा
D) Harappa / हड़प्पा

Answer: A

Question 13.

Kalibangan is located in which present-day state?
कालीबंगा वर्तमान में किस राज्य में स्थित है?

A) Gujarat / गुजरात
B) Rajasthan / राजस्थान
C) Haryana / हरियाणा
D) Uttar Pradesh / उत्तर प्रदेश

Answer: B

Question 14.

Dholavira is located in which Indian state?
धोलावीरा भारत के किस राज्य में स्थित है?

A) Rajasthan / राजस्थान
B) Haryana / हरियाणा
C) Gujarat / गुजरात
D) Maharashtra / महाराष्ट्र

Answer: C

Question 15.

Dholavira is particularly famous for its:
धोलावीरा विशेष रूप से किसके लिए प्रसिद्ध है?

A) Dockyard / गोदी
B) Water-management system / जल–प्रबंधन प्रणाली
C) Iron weapons / लौह हथियार
D) Buddhist stupas / बौद्ध स्तूप

Answer: B

Question 16.

Dholavira was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in:
धोलावीरा को UNESCO World Heritage List में किस वर्ष शामिल किया गया?

A) 2018
B) 2019
C) 2020
D) 2021

Answer: D

Question 17.

Rakhigarhi is located in which state?
राखीगढ़ी किस राज्य में स्थित है?

A) Haryana / हरियाणा
B) Gujarat / गुजरात
C) Rajasthan / राजस्थान
D) Punjab / पंजाब

Answer: A

Question 18.

Rakhigarhi is important because it is:
राखीगढ़ी महत्वपूर्ण है क्योंकि यह:

A) A major Harappan settlement / एक प्रमुख हड़प्पाई बस्ती है
B) A Vedic capital / एक वैदिक राजधानी है
C) A Buddhist monastery / एक बौद्ध मठ है
D) A Gupta-period city / गुप्तकालीन नगर है

Answer: A

Question 19.

Which Harappan site is located in Uttar Pradesh and represents the eastern extent of the civilization?
कौन–सा हड़प्पाई स्थल उत्तर प्रदेश में स्थित है और सभ्यता की पूर्वी सीमा से संबंधित है?

A) Alamgirpur / आलमगीरपुर
B) Manda / मांडा
C) Sutkagendor / सुत्कागेंडोर
D) Daimabad / दैमाबाद

Answer: A

Question 20.

Which site represents the northern extent of the Harappan Civilization?
कौन–सा स्थल हड़प्पा सभ्यता की उत्तरी सीमा से संबंधित है?

A) Daimabad / दैमाबाद
B) Manda / मांडा
C) Alamgirpur / आलमगीरपुर
D) Lothal / लोथल

Answer: B

Question 21.

Which site is associated with the southern extent of the Harappan Civilization?
कौन–सा स्थल हड़प्पा सभ्यता की दक्षिणी सीमा से संबंधित है?

A) Daimabad / दैमाबाद
B) Manda / मांडा
C) Harappa / हड़प्पा
D) Kalibangan / कालीबंगा

Answer: A

Question 22.

Which site represents the western extent of the Harappan Civilization?
कौन–सा स्थल हड़प्पा सभ्यता की पश्चिमी सीमा से संबंधित है?

A) Alamgirpur / आलमगीरपुर
B) Sutkagendor / सुत्कागेंडोर
C) Rakhigarhi / राखीगढ़ी
D) Banawali / बनावली

Answer: B

Question 23.

Which Harappan site is located in Maharashtra?
कौन–सा हड़प्पाई स्थल महाराष्ट्र में स्थित है?

A) Daimabad / दैमाबाद
B) Lothal / लोथल
C) Kalibangan / कालीबंगा
D) Banawali / बनावली

Answer: A

Question 24.

Which Harappan site is particularly associated with bead-making and craft production?
कौन–सा हड़प्पाई स्थल मनका–निर्माण एवं शिल्प उत्पादन से विशेष रूप से संबंधित है?

A) Chanhudaro / चन्हूदड़ो
B) Manda / मांडा
C) Alamgirpur / आलमगीरपुर
D) Ropar / रोपड़

Answer: A

Question 25.

The Harappan script is:
हड़प्पाई लिपि है:

A) Fully deciphered / पूरी तरह पढ़ी जा चुकी
B) Partially deciphered / आंशिक रूप से पढ़ी जा चुकी
C) Undeciphered / अपठित
D) Greek script / यूनानी लिपि

Answer: C

Question 26.

Harappan inscriptions are commonly found on:
हड़प्पाई अभिलेख सामान्यतः किस पर पाए जाते हैं?

A) Seals / मुहरों पर
B) Paper / कागज पर
C) Palm-leaf manuscripts / ताड़पत्रों पर
D) Copper plates only / केवल ताम्रपत्रों पर

Answer: A

Question 27.

The commonly cited standard brick ratio in Harappan construction was:
हड़प्पाई निर्माण में सामान्यतः उद्धृत ईंटों का अनुपात था:

A) 1:1:1
B) 1:2:4
C) 2:3:5
D) 3:4:5

Answer: B

Question 28.

Which feature is one of the most remarkable characteristics of Harappan cities?
हड़प्पाई नगरों की सबसे उल्लेखनीय विशेषताओं में से एक क्या थी?

A) Covered drainage system / ढकी हुई जल–निकासी प्रणाली
B) Rock-cut caves / चट्टानों को काटकर बनाई गई गुफाएँ
C) Huge temples / विशाल मंदिर
D) Stone pyramids / पत्थर के पिरामिड

Answer: A

Question 29.

Which metal was NOT characteristic of the Mature Harappan Civilization?
परिपक्व हड़प्पा सभ्यता की विशेषता निम्न में से कौन–सी धातु नहीं थी?

A) Copper / तांबा
B) Bronze / कांस्य
C) Gold / सोना
D) Iron / लोहा

Answer: D

Question 30.

Bronze is primarily an alloy of:
कांस्य मुख्यतः किसका मिश्रधातु है?

A) Copper and tin / तांबा और टिन
B) Iron and carbon / लोहा और कार्बन
C) Gold and silver / सोना और चाँदी
D) Copper and iron / तांबा और लोहा

Answer: A

Question 31.

Which crop is especially associated with the Harappans as one of the earliest known cotton-using/cultivating cultures?
कौन–सी फसल हड़प्पावासियों को कपास के प्रारंभिक ज्ञात उपयोग/खेती से जोड़ती है?

A) Cotton / कपास
B) Tea / चाय
C) Coffee / कॉफी
D) Tobacco / तंबाकू

Answer: A

Question 32.

Mesopotamian texts generally associate the Indus region with the name:
मेसोपोटामिया के अभिलेखों में सिंधु क्षेत्र को सामान्यतः किस नाम से जोड़ा जाता है?

A) Magan
B) Meluhha
C) Dilmun
D) Akkad

Answer: B

Question 33.

The famous ‘Priest-King’ sculpture was found at:
प्रसिद्ध ‘Priest-King’ मूर्ति कहाँ मिली थी?

A) Mohenjo-daro / मोहनजोदड़ो
B) Harappa / हड़प्पा
C) Lothal / लोथल
D) Kalibangan / कालीबंगा

Answer: A

Question 34.

Which animal is prominently represented on many Harappan seals?
कई हड़प्पाई मुहरों पर कौन–सा पशु प्रमुख रूप से दर्शाया गया है?

A) Unicorn-like animal / एक–सींग वाला पशु
B) Lion / सिंह
C) Tiger / बाघ
D) Horse / घोड़ा

Answer: A

Question 35.

Which statement about the Harappan civilization is correct?
हड़प्पा सभ्यता के बारे में कौन–सा कथन सही है?

A) It had no drainage system / इसमें जल–निकासी प्रणाली नहीं थी
B) It had planned urban settlements / इसमें नियोजित नगरीय बस्तियाँ थीं
C) Iron was its principal metal / लोहा इसकी प्रमुख धातु थी
D) Its script has been completely deciphered / इसकी लिपि पूरी तरह पढ़ ली गई है

Answer: B

Section B: Vedic Culture

वैदिक संस्कृति

Question 36.

Which is the oldest Veda?
सबसे प्राचीन वेद कौन–सा है?

A) Samaveda / सामवेद
B) Yajurveda / यजुर्वेद
C) Rigveda / ऋग्वेद
D) Atharvaveda / अथर्ववेद

Answer: C

Question 37.

The Early Vedic period is also commonly known as:
प्रारंभिक वैदिक काल को सामान्यतः किस नाम से भी जाना जाता है?

A) Rig Vedic period / ऋग्वैदिक काल
B) Gupta period / गुप्त काल
C) Mauryan period / मौर्य काल
D) Sangam period / संगम काल

Answer: A

Question 38.

The Rigveda consists of how many Mandalas?
ऋग्वेद में कितने मंडल हैं?

A) 8
B) 10
C) 12
D) 18

Answer: B

Question 39.

How many hymns (Suktas) are traditionally counted in the Rigveda?
ऋग्वेद में परंपरागत रूप से कितने सूक्त माने जाते हैं?

A) 928
B) 1,028
C) 1,128
D) 1,208

Answer: B

Question 40.

Which Veda is primarily associated with melodies and singing?
कौन–सा वेद मुख्यतः संगीत और गायन से संबंधित है?

A) Rigveda / ऋग्वेद
B) Samaveda / सामवेद
C) Yajurveda / यजुर्वेद
D) Atharvaveda / अथर्ववेद

Answer: B

Question 41.

Which Veda contains sacrificial formulas?
किस वेद में यज्ञ संबंधी सूत्र/मंत्र प्रमुख रूप से पाए जाते हैं?

A) Rigveda / ऋग्वेद
B) Samaveda / सामवेद
C) Yajurveda / यजुर्वेद
D) Atharvaveda / अथर्ववेद

Answer: C

Question 42.

Which Veda contains charms, spells and material concerning everyday life?
किस वेद में मंत्र, जादुई सूत्र तथा दैनिक जीवन से संबंधित सामग्री मिलती है?

A) Atharvaveda / अथर्ववेद
B) Samaveda / सामवेद
C) Rigveda / ऋग्वेद
D) Yajurveda / यजुर्वेद

Answer: A

Question 43.

The Yajurveda is traditionally divided into which two major branches?
यजुर्वेद को परंपरागत रूप से किन दो प्रमुख शाखाओं में बाँटा जाता है?

A) Eastern and Western / पूर्वी और पश्चिमी
B) Shukla and Krishna / शुक्ल और कृष्ण
C) Northern and Southern / उत्तरी और दक्षिणी
D) Early and Late / प्रारंभिक और उत्तर

Answer: B

Question 44.

How many Vedangas are there?
वेदांगों की संख्या कितनी है?

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 8

Answer: C

Question 45.

Which Vedanga deals with phonetics and pronunciation?
कौन–सा वेदांग ध्वनि एवं उच्चारण से संबंधित है?

A) Chandas / छंद
B) Shiksha / शिक्षा
C) Nirukta / निरुक्त
D) Kalpa / कल्प

Answer: B

Question 46.

Which Vedanga deals with grammar?
कौन–सा वेदांग व्याकरण से संबंधित है?

A) Vyakarana / व्याकरण
B) Jyotisha / ज्योतिष
C) Chandas / छंद
D) Nirukta / निरुक्त

Answer: A

Question 47.

Which Vedanga deals with etymology?
कौन–सा वेदांग शब्दों की व्युत्पत्ति से संबंधित है?

A) Kalpa / कल्प
B) Shiksha / शिक्षा
C) Nirukta / निरुक्त
D) Chandas / छंद

Answer: C

Question 48.

Which Vedanga deals with metres?
कौन–सा वेदांग छंदों से संबंधित है?

A) Chandas / छंद
B) Jyotisha / ज्योतिष
C) Kalpa / कल्प
D) Vyakarana / व्याकरण

Answer: A

Question 49.

Which Vedanga is associated with astronomy and calendrical calculations?
कौन–सा वेदांग खगोल एवं कालगणना से संबंधित है?

A) Nirukta / निरुक्त
B) Jyotisha / ज्योतिष
C) Shiksha / शिक्षा
D) Kalpa / कल्प

Answer: B

Question 50.

The early Vedic people were primarily associated with which geographical region?
प्रारंभिक वैदिक लोग मुख्यतः किस भौगोलिक क्षेत्र से जुड़े थे?

A) Deccan Plateau / दक्कन का पठार
B) Sapta-Sindhu region / सप्त–सिंधु क्षेत्र
C) Tamilakam / तमिलकम
D) Bengal Delta / बंगाल डेल्टा

Answer: B

Question 51.

‘Sapta-Sindhu’ literally means:
‘सप्त–सिंधु‘ का शाब्दिक अर्थ है:

A) Land of seven mountains / सात पर्वतों की भूमि
B) Land of seven rivers / सात नदियों की भूमि
C) Land of seven cities / सात नगरों की भूमि
D) Land of seven kingdoms / सात राज्यों की भूमि

Answer: B

Question 52.

The ancient name ‘Vitasta’ refers to which modern river?
प्राचीन नाम ‘वितस्ता‘ आधुनिक किस नदी का नाम है?

A) Ravi / रावी
B) Jhelum / झेलम
C) Beas / ब्यास
D) Sutlej / सतलुज

Answer: B

Question 53.

The ancient name ‘Parushni’ refers to:
प्राचीन नाम ‘परुष्णी‘ किस नदी का है?

A) Ravi / रावी
B) Beas / ब्यास
C) Chenab / चिनाब
D) Sutlej / सतलुज

Answer: A

Question 54.

The ancient name ‘Vipash’ refers to which river?
प्राचीन नाम ‘विपाश‘ किस नदी का प्राचीन नाम है?

A) Ravi / रावी
B) Beas / ब्यास
C) Jhelum / झेलम
D) Chenab / चिनाब

Answer: B

Question 55.

The ancient name ‘Shutudri’ refers to:
प्राचीन नाम ‘शुतुद्री‘ किस नदी का है?

A) Sutlej / सतलुज
B) Ravi / रावी
C) Beas / ब्यास
D) Indus / सिंधु

Answer: A

Question 56.

The ancient name ‘Asikni’ refers to:
प्राचीन नाम ‘असिक्नी‘ किस नदी का है?

A) Chenab / चिनाब
B) Jhelum / झेलम
C) Ravi / रावी
D) Beas / ब्यास

Answer: A

Question 57.

The ancient name ‘Kubha’ refers to which modern river?
प्राचीन नाम ‘कुभा‘ आधुनिक किस नदी का नाम है?

A) Kabul / काबुल
B) Ravi / रावी
C) Ganga / गंगा
D) Yamuna / यमुना

Answer: A

Question 58.

The Battle of Ten Kings is known as:
दस राजाओं का युद्ध किस नाम से जाना जाता है?

A) Rajasuya / राजसूय
B) Dasarajna / दाशराज्ञ
C) Ashvamedha / अश्वमेध
D) Vajapeya / वाजपेय

Answer: B

Question 59.

The Battle of Ten Kings is described in which Veda?
दस राजाओं के युद्ध का वर्णन किस वेद में मिलता है?

A) Samaveda / सामवेद
B) Yajurveda / यजुर्वेद
C) Rigveda / ऋग्वेद
D) Atharvaveda / अथर्ववेद

Answer: C

Question 60.

Who was the king associated with the Bharata tribe in the Battle of Ten Kings?
दस राजाओं के युद्ध में भरत जन से संबंधित राजा कौन था?

A) Janaka / जनक
B) Sudas / सुदास
C) Bimbisara / बिंबिसार
D) Ajatashatru / अजातशत्रु

Answer: B

Question 61.

The Battle of Ten Kings was fought on the bank of which river?
दस राजाओं का युद्ध किस नदी के तट पर हुआ था?

A) Ganga / गंगा
B) Yamuna / यमुना
C) Parushni / परुष्णी
D) Sarasvati / सरस्वती

Answer: C

Question 62.

Which priest is traditionally associated with King Sudas?
राजा सुदास से परंपरागत रूप से किस पुरोहित का संबंध माना जाता है?

A) Vishvamitra / विश्वामित्र
B) Vashishtha / वशिष्ठ
C) Yajnavalkya / याज्ञवल्क्य
D) Bharadwaja / भारद्वाज

Answer: B

Question 63.

In the Rigvedic period, ‘Jana’ primarily referred to:
ऋग्वैदिक काल में ‘जन‘ मुख्यतः किसे कहा जाता था?

A) Tribe/people / जनजाति/लोग
B) Village / गाँव
C) Family / परिवार
D) Kingdom / राज्य

Answer: A

Question 64.

‘Kula’ in Vedic society referred to:
वैदिक समाज में ‘कुल‘ का अर्थ था:

A) Tribe / जन
B) Family / परिवार
C) Kingdom / राज्य
D) Assembly / सभा

Answer: B

Question 65.

Who was the Purohita in the Vedic political system?
वैदिक राजनीतिक व्यवस्था में पुरोहित कौन था?

A) Military commander / सेनापति
B) Chief priest and adviser / प्रमुख पुरोहित एवं सलाहकार
C) Village head / ग्राम प्रधान
D) Trader / व्यापारी

Answer: B

Question 66.

The Senani was associated with:
सेनानी किससे संबंधित था?

A) Military command / सैन्य नेतृत्व
B) Agriculture / कृषि
C) Trade / व्यापार
D) Education / शिक्षा

Answer: A

Question 67.

Which two assemblies are especially mentioned in the Rigvedic political system?
ऋग्वैदिक राजनीतिक व्यवस्था में विशेष रूप से किन दो सभाओं का उल्लेख मिलता है?

A) Sabha and Samiti / सभा और समिति
B) Gana and Sangha / गण और संघ
C) Parishad and Vidhan Sabha / परिषद और विधान सभा
D) Sabha and Janapada / सभा और जनपद

Answer: A

Question 68.

Which Vedic assembly is generally regarded as the broader/popular assembly?
किस वैदिक सभा को सामान्यतः व्यापक/लोकप्रिय सभा माना जाता है?

A) Sabha / सभा
B) Samiti / समिति
C) Vidatha / विदथ
D) Gana / गण

Answer: B

Question 69.

Vidatha in the early Vedic context had:
प्रारंभिक वैदिक संदर्भ में विदथ के:

A) Only economic functions / केवल आर्थिक कार्य
B) Social, religious and possibly military functions / सामाजिक, धार्मिक और संभवतः सैन्य कार्य
C) Only judicial functions / केवल न्यायिक कार्य
D) Only agricultural functions / केवल कृषि संबंधी कार्य

Answer: B

Question 70.

The most important economic asset in the Early Vedic period was:
प्रारंभिक वैदिक काल में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण आर्थिक संपत्ति थी:

A) Land / भूमि
B) Cattle / पशुधन
C) Gold coins / स्वर्ण मुद्राएँ
D) Iron tools / लौह उपकरण

Answer: B

Question 71.

The Early Vedic economy was predominantly:
प्रारंभिक वैदिक अर्थव्यवस्था मुख्यतः कैसी थी?

A) Industrial / औद्योगिक
B) Pastoral / पशुपालक
C) Maritime / समुद्री
D) Commercial banking / बैंकिंग आधारित

Answer: B

Question 72.

The term ‘Gavishti’ in the Rigvedic context is associated with:
ऋग्वैदिक संदर्भ में ‘गविष्टि‘ किससे संबंधित है?

A) Search/struggle for cows / गायों की खोज/संघर्ष
B) Horse sacrifice / अश्व बलि
C) Harvest festival / फसल उत्सव
D) Marriage ceremony / विवाह समारोह

Answer: A

Question 73.

Which economic activity became increasingly important during the Later Vedic period?
उत्तर वैदिक काल में कौन–सी आर्थिक गतिविधि अधिक महत्वपूर्ण हो गई?

A) Agriculture / कृषि
B) Hunting alone / केवल शिकार
C) Fishing alone / केवल मछली पकड़ना
D) Sea piracy / समुद्री डकैती

Answer: A

Question 74.

Which metal became increasingly important during the Later Vedic period?
उत्तर वैदिक काल में किस धातु का महत्व बढ़ा?

A) Iron / लोहा
B) Aluminium / एल्युमिनियम
C) Platinum / प्लैटिनम
D) Nickel / निकेल

Answer: A

Question 75.

The Later Vedic period witnessed the increasing importance of which region?
उत्तर वैदिक काल में किस क्षेत्र का महत्व बढ़ा?

A) Ganga-Yamuna region / गंगा–यमुना क्षेत्र
B) Far southern India / सुदूर दक्षिण भारत
C) Northwest Afghanistan only / केवल उत्तर–पश्चिम अफगानिस्तान
D) Coastal Kerala only / केवल तटीय केरल

Answer: A

Question 76.

Which deity was the most prominent deity in the Rigveda?
ऋग्वेद में सबसे प्रमुख देवता कौन थे?

A) Indra / इंद्र
B) Vishnu / विष्णु
C) Prajapati / प्रजापति
D) Shiva / शिव

Answer: A

Question 77.

Indra is described as the slayer of:
इंद्र को किसका वध करने वाला बताया गया है?

A) Vritra / वृत्र
B) Bali / बलि
C) Ravana / रावण
D) Kamsa / कंस

Answer: A

Question 78.

The epithet ‘Vritrahana’ is associated with:
‘वृत्रहन्‘ उपाधि किस देवता से संबंधित है?

A) Agni / अग्नि
B) Indra / इंद्र
C) Soma / सोम
D) Varuna / वरुण

Answer: B

Question 79.

Which deity served as an important intermediary between humans and gods through sacrifice?
यज्ञ के माध्यम से मनुष्यों और देवताओं के बीच महत्वपूर्ण मध्यस्थ कौन थे?

A) Agni / अग्नि
B) Varuna / वरुण
C) Surya / सूर्य
D) Vayu / वायु

Answer: A

Question 80.

Soma in Vedic culture was associated with:
वैदिक संस्कृति में सोम किससे संबंधित था?

A) Sacred ritual drink and deity / पवित्र अनुष्ठानिक पेय एवं देवता
B) River only / केवल नदी
C) Mountain only / केवल पर्वत
D) Weapon / हथियार

Answer: A

Question 81.

Which deity is particularly associated with Rita (cosmic order)?
ऋत (ब्रह्मांडीय व्यवस्था) से विशेष रूप से किस देवता का संबंध है?

A) Indra / इंद्र
B) Varuna / वरुण
C) Agni / अग्नि
D) Soma / सोम

Answer: B

Question 82.

‘Rita’ in Vedic thought refers to:
वैदिक विचार में ‘ऋत‘ का अर्थ है:

A) Cosmic order / ब्रह्मांडीय व्यवस्था
B) Tax / कर
C) Army / सेना
D) Village / गाँव

Answer: A

Question 83.

Ushas in Vedic literature is the goddess of:
वैदिक साहित्य में उषा किसकी देवी हैं?

A) Dawn / उषा/प्रभात
B) Earth / पृथ्वी
C) Wealth / धन
D) War / युद्ध

Answer: A

Question 84.

The Ashvins are generally described as:
अश्विनों को सामान्यतः किस रूप में वर्णित किया गया है?

A) Twin divine figures / जुड़वाँ दिव्य देवता
B) Fire gods / अग्नि देवता
C) River gods / नदी देवता
D) Mountain gods / पर्वत देवता

Answer: A

Question 85.

Which deity gained greater prominence during the Later Vedic period?
उत्तर वैदिक काल में किस देवता का महत्व बढ़ा?

A) Prajapati / प्रजापति
B) Indra only / केवल इंद्र
C) Agni only / केवल अग्नि
D) Ushas only / केवल उषा

Answer: A

Question 86.

Which three deities became increasingly important in Later Vedic religion?
उत्तर वैदिक धर्म में किन देवताओं का महत्व बढ़ा?

A) Prajapati, Vishnu and Rudra / प्रजापति, विष्णु और रुद्र
B) Indra, Soma and Ushas only / केवल इंद्र, सोम और उषा
C) Surya, Vayu and Marut only / केवल सूर्य, वायु और मरुत
D) Kubera, Ganesha and Hanuman / कुबेर, गणेश और हनुमान

Answer: A

Question 87.

Ashvamedha was associated with:
अश्वमेध किससे संबंधित था?

A) Royal power and sovereignty / राजकीय शक्ति और सार्वभौमिकता
B) Agricultural harvesting / कृषि कटाई
C) Education / शिक्षा
D) Trade / व्यापार

Answer: A

Question 88.

Rajasuya was primarily a:
राजसूय मुख्यतः क्या था?

A) Royal consecration ritual / राजकीय अभिषेक अनुष्ठान
B) Funeral ceremony / अंतिम संस्कार
C) Marriage ritual / विवाह अनुष्ठान
D) Agricultural festival / कृषि उत्सव

Answer: A

Question 89.

Which Vedic sacrifice is associated with a royal ritual involving a horse?
कौन–सा वैदिक यज्ञ घोड़े से संबंधित राजकीय अनुष्ठान था?

A) Rajasuya / राजसूय
B) Ashvamedha / अश्वमेध
C) Vajapeya / वाजपेय
D) Agnihotra / अग्निहोत्र

Answer: B

Question 90.

The Purusha Sukta is found in:
पुरुष सूक्त किसमें पाया जाता है?

A) Rigveda 10.90 / ऋग्वेद 10.90
B) Samaveda 1.1 / सामवेद 1.1
C) Yajurveda only / केवल यजुर्वेद
D) Atharvaveda only / केवल अथर्ववेद

Answer: A

Question 91.

The Purusha Sukta describes the symbolic origin of:
पुरुष सूक्त किसकी प्रतीकात्मक उत्पत्ति का वर्णन करता है?

A) Four Varnas / चार वर्ण
B) Four Ashramas / चार आश्रम
C) Four Vedas / चार वेद
D) Four kingdoms / चार राज्य

Answer: A

Question 92.

According to the Purusha Sukta, Brahmana emerged symbolically from the:
पुरुष सूक्त के अनुसार ब्राह्मण प्रतीकात्मक रूप से किससे उत्पन्न हुए?

A) Feet / पैरों से
B) Thighs / जंघाओं से
C) Arms / भुजाओं से
D) Mouth / मुख से

Answer: D

Question 93.

According to the Purusha Sukta, Shudra emerged symbolically from the:
पुरुष सूक्त के अनुसार शूद्र प्रतीकात्मक रूप से किससे उत्पन्न हुए?

A) Mouth / मुख
B) Arms / भुजाएँ
C) Thighs / जंघाएँ
D) Feet / पैर

Answer: D

Question 94.

Which Varna was traditionally associated with warriors and rulers?
कौन–सा वर्ण परंपरागत रूप से योद्धाओं और शासकों से संबंधित था?

A) Brahmana / ब्राह्मण
B) Kshatriya / क्षत्रिय
C) Vaishya / वैश्य
D) Shudra / शूद्र

Answer: B

Question 95.

Which Varna was traditionally associated with agriculture, cattle-rearing and trade?
कौन–सा वर्ण परंपरागत रूप से कृषि, पशुपालन और व्यापार से जुड़ा था?

A) Brahmana / ब्राह्मण
B) Kshatriya / क्षत्रिय
C) Vaishya / वैश्य
D) Shudra / शूद्र

Answer: C

Question 96.

Which statement best describes the social structure of the Early Vedic period?
प्रारंभिक वैदिक काल की सामाजिक संरचना का सबसे उपयुक्त वर्णन क्या है?

A) Social divisions were comparatively less rigid / सामाजिक विभाजन तुलनात्मक रूप से कम कठोर थे
B) Caste system was exactly identical to modern caste system / जाति व्यवस्था आधुनिक व्यवस्था के बिल्कुल समान थी
C) Untouchability was fully developed / अस्पृश्यता पूर्ण रूप से विकसित थी
D) Society was completely urban / समाज पूर्णतः नगरीय था

Answer: A

Question 97.

Which women are associated with philosophical discussions in Vedic/Upanishadic tradition?
वैदिक/उपनिषदिक परंपरा में किन महिलाओं का दार्शनिक चर्चाओं से संबंध है?

A) Gargi and Maitreyi / गार्गी और मैत्रेयी
B) Razia and Nur Jahan / रजिया और नूरजहाँ
C) Durgavati and Ahilyabai / दुर्गावती और अहिल्याबाई
D) Rudrama Devi and Didda / रुद्रमादेवी और दिद्दा

Answer: A

Question 98.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four Ashramas?
निम्नलिखित में से कौन–सा चार आश्रमों में शामिल नहीं है?

A) Brahmacharya / ब्रह्मचर्य
B) Grihastha / गृहस्थ
C) Vanaprastha / वानप्रस्थ
D) Rajasuya / राजसूय

Answer: D

Question 99.

The first stage of the traditional four-Ashrama system was:
परंपरागत चार–आश्रम व्यवस्था का पहला चरण था:

A) Grihastha / गृहस्थ
B) Sannyasa / संन्यास
C) Brahmacharya / ब्रह्मचर्य
D) Vanaprastha / वानप्रस्थ

Answer: C

Question 100.

Which Ashrama represents the householder stage?
कौन–सा आश्रम गृहस्थ जीवन का चरण है?

A) Brahmacharya / ब्रह्मचर्य
B) Grihastha / गृहस्थ
C) Vanaprastha / वानप्रस्थ
D) Sannyasa / संन्यास

Answer: B

Question 101.

Which pair is correctly matched?
निम्नलिखित में से कौन–सा युग्म सही सुमेलित है?

A) Lothal — Great Bath / लोथल — Great Bath
B) Kalibangan — Ploughed field / कालीबंगा — जुता हुआ खेत
C) Dholavira — Dancing Girl / धोलावीरा — Dancing Girl
D) Harappa — Dockyard / हड़प्पा — Dockyard

Answer: B

Question 102.

Which pair is incorrectly matched?
निम्नलिखित में से कौन–सा युग्म गलत सुमेलित है?

A) Mohenjo-daro — Great Bath / मोहनजोदड़ो — Great Bath
B) Lothal — Dockyard / लोथल — Dockyard
C) Kalibangan — Ploughed field / कालीबंगा — जुता हुआ खेत
D) Dholavira — Iron Age cemetery / धोलावीरा — लौह युगीन कब्रिस्तान

Answer: D

Question 103.

Which sequence correctly represents the ancient and modern names of rivers?
कौन–सा क्रम नदियों के प्राचीन एवं आधुनिक नामों का सही मिलान करता है?

A) Vitasta—Jhelum, Parushni—Ravi, Shutudri—Sutlej
B) Vitasta—Ravi, Parushni—Jhelum, Shutudri—Beas
C) Vitasta—Beas, Parushni—Sutlej, Shutudri—Ravi
D) Vitasta—Chenab, Parushni—Beas, Shutudri—Jhelum

Answer: A

Question 104.

Which of the following correctly represents the Veda and its primary association?
निम्नलिखित में से कौन–सा वेद और उसके प्रमुख संबंध का सही मिलान करता है?

A) Rigveda — Sacrificial formulas / ऋग्वेद — यज्ञ सूत्र
B) Samaveda — Melodies / सामवेद — गायन
C) Yajurveda — Charms / यजुर्वेद — जादुई मंत्र
D) Atharvaveda — Musical notation only / अथर्ववेद — केवल संगीत

Answer: B

Question 105.

Which of the following correctly matches a Vedanga with its subject?
निम्नलिखित में से कौन–सा वेदांग और उसके विषय का सही मिलान है?

A) Nirukta — Metre / निरुक्त — छंद
B) Chandas — Etymology / छंद — व्युत्पत्ति
C) Shiksha — Phonetics / शिक्षा — ध्वनि–विज्ञान
D) Jyotisha — Grammar / ज्योतिष — व्याकरण

Answer: C

Question 106.

Which statement about the Battle of Ten Kings is correct?
दस राजाओं के युद्ध के बारे में कौन–सा कथन सही है?

A) It involved Sudas and occurred near the Parushni / इसमें सुदास शामिल था और यह परुष्णी के निकट हुआ
B) It was fought by Chandragupta Maurya / यह चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य ने लड़ा
C) It is described in Arthashastra / इसका वर्णन अर्थशास्त्र में है
D) It took place on the Ganga during the Gupta period / यह गुप्त काल में गंगा पर हुआ

Answer: A

Question 107.

Which development best distinguishes the Later Vedic period from the Early Vedic period?
उत्तर वैदिक काल को प्रारंभिक वैदिक काल से सबसे अच्छी तरह कौन–सा विकास अलग करता है?

A) Increasing importance of agriculture and territorial kingdoms / कृषि एवं क्षेत्रीय राज्यों का बढ़ता महत्व
B) Complete disappearance of agriculture / कृषि का पूर्ण अंत
C) Disappearance of rituals / अनुष्ठानों का अंत
D) Complete dependence on maritime trade / समुद्री व्यापार पर पूर्ण निर्भरता

Answer: A

Question 108.

Which combination is correct regarding Early Vedic religion?
प्रारंभिक वैदिक धर्म के संबंध में कौन–सा संयोजन सही है?

A) Indra—Vritra, Agni—Fire, Varuna—Rita
B) Indra—Buddha, Agni—Jainism, Varuna—Stupa
C) Indra—Ashoka, Agni—Pataliputra, Varuna—Tax
D) Indra—Nirvana, Agni—Moksha, Varuna—Sangha

Answer: A

Question 109.

Which of the following represents the correct development of political organization toward the Later Vedic period?
उत्तर वैदिक काल की ओर राजनीतिक संगठन के विकास को कौन–सा विकल्प सही दर्शाता है?

A) Tribal organization became increasingly territorial / जनजातीय संगठन अधिक क्षेत्रीय होता गया
B) Cities disappeared completely / नगर पूरी तरह समाप्त हो गए
C) Kings lost all authority / राजाओं की सारी शक्ति समाप्त हो गई
D) Political organization became purely maritime / राजनीतिक संगठन पूर्णतः समुद्री हो गया

Answer: A

Question 110.

Which statement about Harappan religion is the most academically cautious?
हड़प्पाई धर्म के बारे में सबसे अकादमिक रूप से सावधान कथन कौन–सा है?

A) All Harappans definitely worshipped Shiva in exactly the later Hindu form
B) Archaeological evidence suggests various religious symbols and practices, but their exact meanings are often uncertain
C) Harappans had no religious practices
D) Harappan religion is completely understood

Answer: B