History & Generation of Computers| HP JOA IT Computer Notes with MCQs

Master History & Generation of Computers with these comprehensive HP JOA IT Notes in Hindi & English (Bilingual). Learn the computer definition, IPO cycle, data vs information, characteristics, limitations, advantages, applications, important abbreviations, exam facts, and practice the most expected MCQs. These notes are specially designed according to the latest HP JOA IT, HP Govt Exams, HPRCA, HPSSC, and other competitive exams syllabus for quick revision and maximum score.

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History & Generation of Computers | HP JOA IT Computer Notes with MCQs

History & Generation of Computers (कंप्यूटर का इतिहास एवं पीढ़ियाँ)||HP JOA IT Exam Notes

1. Introduction to Computer (कंप्यूटर का परिचय)

Computer is an electronic programmable device that accepts Input, processes it according to instructions, stores data, and produces Output.

कंप्यूटर एक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक प्रोग्राम योग्य मशीन है जो इनपुट प्राप्त करती है, निर्देशों के अनुसार उसे प्रोसेस करती है, स्टोर करती है तथा आउटपुट प्रदान करती है।

Computer Cycle (IPO Cycle)

• Input (इनपुट)
• Processing (प्रसंस्करण)
• Output (आउटपुट)
• Storage (संग्रहण)

2. History of Computers (कंप्यूटर का इतिहास)

(A) Abacus (अबेकस)

• Invented around 3000 BC
• Developed in China
• First calculating device.
• Used for addition and subtraction.

मुख्य तथ्य

• लगभग 3000 ईसा पूर्व
• चीन में विकसित
• पहला गणना उपकरण
• जोड़ एवं घटाव के लिए प्रयोग

(B) Napier’s Bones (नेपियर बोन्स)

• Invented by John Napier
• Year: 1617
• Used for multiplication and division.

मुख्य तथ्य

• आविष्कारक : जॉन नेपियर
• वर्ष : 1617
• गुणा एवं भाग के लिए

(C) Slide Rule (स्लाइड रूल)

• Invented by William Oughtred
• Year: 1622
• Used for logarithmic calculations.

(D) Pascaline (पास्कलाइन)

• Invented by Blaise Pascal
• Year: 1642
• First mechanical calculator.

(E) Stepped Reckoner

• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
• Year: 1673
• Could perform multiplication and division.

(F) Jacquard Loom (जैक्वार्ड लूम)

• Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard
• Year: 1801
• Used Punch Cards
• Inspired computer programming.

(G) Difference Engine

• Invented by Charles Babbage
• Year: 1822
• Automatic mathematical calculations.

(H) Analytical Engine

• Invented by Charles Babbage
• Year: 1837
• Considered the first concept of a modern computer.

Features

• Input
• Output
• Memory
• Processor
• Control Unit

Important

• Charles Babbage = Father of Computer
• चार्ल्स बैबेज = कंप्यूटर के जनक

(I) Ada Lovelace

• First Computer Programmer.
• Wrote the first algorithm for Analytical Engine.

एडा लवलेस

• विश्व की प्रथम कंप्यूटर प्रोग्रामर।

(J) Hollerith Tabulating Machine

• Invented by Herman Hollerith
• Year: 1890
• Used Punch Cards.
• Used in US Census.

(K) Mark-I

• Year: 1944
• Developed by Howard Aiken
• Electromechanical computer.

(L) ENIAC

• Full Form:
  Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
• Year: 1946
• Invented by
  • J. Presper Eckert
  • John W. Mauchly

Features

• First General Purpose Electronic Digital Computer.
• Used Vacuum Tubes.

(M) EDVAC

• Full Form:
  Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• First stored program computer.

(N) EDSAC

• Full Form:
  Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
• First practical stored-program computer.

(O) UNIVAC-I

• Full Form:
  Universal Automatic Computer
• First Commercial Computer.
• Year: 1951

3. Father of Computer (कंप्यूटर के जनक)

English	हिन्दी
Charles Babbage	कंप्यूटर के जनक
Ada Lovelace	प्रथम प्रोग्रामर
Herman Hollerith	पंच कार्ड के जनक
John von Neumann	Stored Program Concept

4. Generations of Computers (कंप्यूटर की पीढ़ियाँ)

First Generation (1946–1959)

पहली पीढ़ी

Main Technology

Vacuum Tubes

Languages

Machine Language

Memory

Magnetic Drum

Characteristics

• Very Large
• Expensive
• High Electricity Consumption
• Produced Heat
• Slow Speed
• Low Reliability

Examples

• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• EDSAC
• UNIVAC-I

Second Generation (1959–1965)

दूसरी पीढ़ी

Technology

Transistor

Language

Assembly Language

Features

• Smaller
• Faster
• Less Heat
• More Reliable
• Lower Power Consumption

Examples

• IBM 1401
• IBM 7094
• CDC 1604

Third Generation (1965–1971)

तीसरी पीढ़ी

Technology

Integrated Circuit (IC)

Features

• High Speed
• Small Size
• Multiprogramming
• Operating System Introduced
• More Reliable

Languages

High Level Languages

Examples

• IBM System/360
• PDP-8

Fourth Generation (1971–Present)

Technology

Microprocessor (VLSI)

Features

• Personal Computer
• GUI
• Networking
• High Storage
• Portable
• Low Cost

Examples

• IBM PC
• Apple Macintosh
• Desktop
• Laptop

Fifth Generation (Present & Future)

Technology

• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• ULSI
• Parallel Processing
• Machine Learning
• Robotics
• Natural Language Processing

Features

• Expert Systems
• Voice Recognition
• Intelligent Systems
• Supercomputers

5. Generation-wise Technologies

Generation	Technology	हिन्दी
First	Vacuum Tube	वैक्यूम ट्यूब
Second	Transistor	ट्रांजिस्टर
Third	Integrated Circuit (IC)	एकीकृत परिपथ
Fourth	Microprocessor (VLSI)	माइक्रोप्रोसेसर
Fifth	AI & ULSI	कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता

6. Important Inventors (महत्वपूर्ण आविष्कारक)

Device	Inventor
Abacus	China
Napier Bones	John Napier
Pascaline	Blaise Pascal
Stepped Reckoner	Leibniz
Jacquard Loom	Joseph Jacquard
Difference Engine	Charles Babbage
Analytical Engine	Charles Babbage
Mark-I	Howard Aiken
ENIAC	Eckert & Mauchly
UNIVAC	Eckert & Mauchly

7. Important Full Forms (महत्वपूर्ण फुल फॉर्म)

• ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
• EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• EDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
• UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer
• IC – Integrated Circuit
• VLSI – Very Large Scale Integration
• ULSI – Ultra Large Scale Integration
• AI – Artificial Intelligence
• CPU – Central Processing Unit
• ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit
• CU – Control Unit

8. HP JOA IT One-Liner Facts (Exam Booster)

• Charles Babbage is called the Father of Computer.
• Ada Lovelace is the First Computer Programmer.
• John von Neumann introduced the Stored Program Concept.
• Abacus is the first known calculating device.
• Pascaline is the first mechanical calculator.
• Analytical Engine is regarded as the first concept of a modern computer.
• ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic digital computer.
• UNIVAC-I was the first commercial computer.
• Vacuum Tubes were used in the First Generation.
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the Second Generation.
• Integrated Circuits (ICs) were introduced in the Third Generation.
• Microprocessors were introduced in the Fourth Generation.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the basis of the Fifth Generation.
• Machine Language was used in the first generation.
• Assembly Language became common in the second generation.
• High-Level Languages gained popularity from the third generation onwards.
• IBM System/360 belongs to the third generation.
• Apple Macintosh and IBM PC are fourth-generation computers.
• Punch Cards were first used in the Jacquard Loom and later by Herman Hollerith.
• Stored Program Computer examples include EDVAC and EDSAC.

History & Generation of Computers MCQs}||HP JOA IT Exam | Most Important MCQs

Question 1

The first known calculating device is:
प्रथम ज्ञात गणना उपकरण कौन–सा है?

(A) Calculator / कैलकुलेटर
(B) Abacus / अबेकस
(C) Pascaline / पास्कलाइन
(D) ENIAC / एनिएक

Answer: (B) Abacus / अबेकस

Question 2

Abacus was developed in:
अबेकस का विकास किस देश में हुआ था?

(A) India / भारत
(B) China / चीन
(C) Japan / जापान
(D) Greece / ग्रीस

Answer: (B) China / चीन

Question 3

Who invented Napier’s Bones?
नेपियर बोन्स का आविष्कार किसने किया?

(A) Charles Babbage
(B) Blaise Pascal
(C) John Napier
(D) Leibniz

Answer: (C) John Napier

Question 4

Napier’s Bones were invented in:
नेपियर बोन्स का आविष्कार किस वर्ष हुआ?

(A) 1617
(B) 1642
(C) 1673
(D) 1801

Answer: (A) 1617

Question 5

Who invented the Slide Rule?
स्लाइड रूल का आविष्कार किसने किया?

(A) William Oughtred
(B) John Napier
(C) Pascal
(D) Leibniz

Answer: (A) William Oughtred

Question 6

Pascaline was invented by:
पास्कलाइन का आविष्कार किसने किया?

(A) Charles Babbage
(B) Blaise Pascal
(C) Herman Hollerith
(D) Howard Aiken

Answer: (B) Blaise Pascal

Question 7

Pascaline was the first:
पास्कलाइन क्या थी?

(A) Electronic Computer
(B) Mechanical Calculator
(C) Digital Computer
(D) Super Computer

Answer: (B) Mechanical Calculator

Question 8

Who invented the Stepped Reckoner?
स्टेप्ड रेकनर का आविष्कार किसने किया?

(A) Leibniz
(B) Pascal
(C) Babbage
(D) Napier

Answer: (A) Leibniz

Question 9

Jacquard Loom used:
जैक्वार्ड लूम में किसका प्रयोग किया गया?

(A) IC
(B) Vacuum Tube
(C) Punch Cards
(D) Microprocessor

Answer: (C) Punch Cards

Question 10

Who invented the Jacquard Loom?
जैक्वार्ड लूम का आविष्कार किसने किया?

(A) Joseph Jacquard
(B) Charles Babbage
(C) Herman Hollerith
(D) John von Neumann

Answer: (A) Joseph Jacquard

Question 11

Who invented the Difference Engine?
डिफरेंस इंजन का आविष्कार किसने किया?

(A) Charles Babbage
(B) Pascal
(C) Leibniz
(D) Hollerith

Answer: (A) Charles Babbage

Question 12

Who is known as the Father of Computer?
कंप्यूटर के जनक किसे कहा जाता है?

(A) John von Neumann
(B) Charles Babbage
(C) Ada Lovelace
(D) Herman Hollerith

Answer: (B) Charles Babbage

Question 13

Analytical Engine was invented in:
एनालिटिकल इंजन का आविष्कार किस वर्ष हुआ?

(A) 1822
(B) 1837
(C) 1845
(D) 1890

Answer: (B) 1837

Question 14

The first computer programmer was:
विश्व की प्रथम कंप्यूटर प्रोग्रामर कौन थीं?

(A) Grace Hopper
(B) Ada Lovelace
(C) Blaise Pascal
(D) Lady Augusta

Answer: (B) Ada Lovelace

Question 15

Herman Hollerith invented:
हरमन होलेरिथ ने किसका आविष्कार किया?

(A) ENIAC
(B) Tabulating Machine
(C) UNIVAC
(D) EDVAC

Answer: (B) Tabulating Machine

Question 16

The Tabulating Machine was used in:
टैबुलेटिंग मशीन का उपयोग किसमें किया गया?

(A) Banking
(B) Census
(C) Railways
(D) Education

Answer: (B) Census

Question 17

Mark-I was developed by:
मार्क-I का विकास किसने किया?

(A) Charles Babbage
(B) Howard Aiken
(C) John Mauchly
(D) Eckert

Answer: (B) Howard Aiken

Question 18

ENIAC stands for:
ENIAC का पूर्ण रूप क्या है?

(A) Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
(B) Electronic National Integrated Automatic Computer
(C) Electronic Numeric Information and Computer
(D) None of these

Answer: (A)

Question 19

ENIAC was introduced in:
ENIAC किस वर्ष विकसित हुआ?

(A) 1944
(B) 1945
(C) 1946
(D) 1951

Answer: (C) 1946

Question 20

ENIAC used:
ENIAC में किस तकनीक का प्रयोग हुआ?

(A) Transistor
(B) IC
(C) Vacuum Tube
(D) Microprocessor

Answer: (C) Vacuum Tube

Question 21

Who developed ENIAC?
ENIAC का विकास किसने किया?

(A) Eckert & Mauchly
(B) Babbage
(C) Howard Aiken
(D) Von Neumann

Answer: (A)

Question 22

EDVAC is known as:
EDVAC किसके लिए प्रसिद्ध है?

(A) First Supercomputer
(B) Stored Program Computer
(C) First Laptop
(D) First PC

Answer: (B)

Question 23

EDSAC stands for:
EDSAC का पूर्ण रूप क्या है?

(A) Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
(B) Electronic Digital Storage Automatic Computer
(C) Electronic Data System Automatic Calculator
(D) None

Answer: (A)

Question 24

UNIVAC-I was:
UNIVAC-I क्या था?

(A) First Personal Computer
(B) First Commercial Computer
(C) First Laptop
(D) First Tablet

Answer: (B)

Question 25

UNIVAC stands for:
UNIVAC का पूर्ण रूप क्या है?

(A) Universal Automatic Computer
(B) United Automatic Computer
(C) Universal Advanced Computer
(D) Universal Analog Computer

Answer: (A)

Question 26

The Stored Program Concept was proposed by:
स्टोर्ड प्रोग्राम अवधारणा किसने दी?

(A) John von Neumann
(B) Charles Babbage
(C) Howard Aiken
(D) Herman Hollerith

Answer: (A)

Question 27

First Generation Computers used:
प्रथम पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटरों में किसका प्रयोग होता था?

(A) IC
(B) Transistor
(C) Vacuum Tube
(D) Microprocessor

Answer: (C)

Question 28

The period of First Generation Computers is:
प्रथम पीढ़ी का समयकाल है:

(A) 1946–1959
(B) 1959–1965
(C) 1965–1971
(D) 1971–Present

Answer: (A)

Question 29

Second Generation Computers used:
दूसरी पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटरों में किस तकनीक का उपयोग हुआ?

(A) IC
(B) Transistor
(C) Vacuum Tube
(D) Microprocessor

Answer: (B)

Question 30

Third Generation Computers used:
तीसरी पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटरों में किस तकनीक का प्रयोग हुआ?

(A) Microprocessor
(B) IC
(C) Vacuum Tube
(D) AI

Answer: (B)

Question 31

Fourth Generation Computers are based on:
चौथी पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटर किस पर आधारित हैं?

(A) IC
(B) Transistor
(C) Microprocessor
(D) Vacuum Tube

Answer: (C)

Question 32

Fifth Generation Computers are mainly based on:
पाँचवीं पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटर मुख्यतः किस पर आधारित हैं?

(A) Vacuum Tube
(B) IC
(C) AI
(D) Transistor

Answer: (C)

Question 33

Machine Language was mainly used in:
मशीन भाषा का मुख्य उपयोग किस पीढ़ी में हुआ?

(A) First
(B) Second
(C) Third
(D) Fourth

Answer: (A)

Question 34

Assembly Language became popular in:
असेंबली भाषा किस पीढ़ी में प्रमुख हुई?

(A) First
(B) Second
(C) Third
(D) Fourth

Answer: (B)

Question 35

High-Level Languages became common from:
हाई लेवल भाषाओं का व्यापक उपयोग किस पीढ़ी से हुआ?

(A) First
(B) Second
(C) Third
(D) Fourth

Answer: (C)

Question 36

IBM System/360 belongs to:
IBM System/360 किस पीढ़ी का कंप्यूटर है?

(A) First
(B) Second
(C) Third
(D) Fourth

Answer: (C)

Question 37

IBM PC belongs to:
IBM PC किस पीढ़ी का उदाहरण है?

(A) First
(B) Second
(C) Third
(D) Fourth

Answer: (D)

Question 38

Apple Macintosh belongs to:
Apple Macintosh किस पीढ़ी का उदाहरण है?

(A) Second
(B) Third
(C) Fourth
(D) Fifth

Answer: (C)

Question 39

VLSI stands for:
VLSI का पूर्ण रूप क्या है?

(A) Very Large Scale Integration
(B) Very Long System Integration
(C) Virtual Large Scale Integration
(D) Variable Large Scale Integration

Answer: (A)

Question 40

ULSI stands for:
ULSI का पूर्ण रूप क्या है?

(A) Ultra Large Scale Integration
(B) Universal Large Scale Integration
(C) Ultra Long Scale Integration
(D) United Large Scale Integration

Answer: (A)

Question 41

AI stands for:
AI का पूर्ण रूप क्या है?

(A) Artificial Intelligence
(B) Automatic Information
(C) Artificial Interface
(D) Automatic Intelligence

Answer: (A)

Question 42

Which generation introduced microprocessors?
माइक्रोप्रोसेसर किस पीढ़ी में प्रस्तुत किए गए?

(A) First
(B) Second
(C) Third
(D) Fourth

Answer: (D)

Question 43

Which generation introduced Integrated Circuits (ICs)?
इंटीग्रेटेड सर्किट (IC) किस पीढ़ी में आए?

(A) First
(B) Second
(C) Third
(D) Fourth

Answer: (C)

Question 44

Which generation is associated with Artificial Intelligence?
कौन–सी पीढ़ी कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता (AI) से संबंधित है?

(A) Third
(B) Fourth
(C) Fifth
(D) Second

Answer: (C)

Question 45

Which of the following is the correct chronological order?
निम्नलिखित में से सही कालानुक्रमिक क्रम कौन–सा है?

(A) Abacus → Pascaline → Difference Engine → Analytical Engine → ENIAC
(B) Pascaline → Abacus → ENIAC → Analytical Engine → UNIVAC
(C) Difference Engine → Abacus → Pascaline → ENIAC → Analytical Engine
(D) ENIAC → Abacus → Pascaline → Difference Engine → UNIVAC

Answer: (A)