HPRCA Chemistry Teacher Exam Syllabus

Syllabus for the CBT Exam of Teacher (Chemistry) to be conducted by HPRCA
1. SUBJECTS AS PER ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATION: a)INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
i. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure: Ionic Bonding: General characteristics of ionic bonding. Energy considerations in ionic bonding, lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of stability and solubility of ionic compounds. Born-Haber cycle and its applications, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajan’s rules, ionic character in covalent compounds, bond moment, dipole moment and percentage ionic character. Covalent bonding- VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of VSEPR and hybridization with suitable examples of linear, trigonal planar, square planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral arrangements. Concept of resonance and resonating structures in various inorganic and organic compounds. MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and anti bonding MOs and their characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combination of orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules up to Ne (including idea of s-p mixing) and heteronuclear diatomic molecules such as CO, NO and NO+. Comparison of VB and MO approaches.

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ii. S-Block Elements: Periodicity of elements with respect to electronic configuration, atomic and ionic size, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electro negativity (Pauling Scale). General characteristics of s-block elements like density, melting points, flame colouration and reducing character, solvation and complexation tendencies and solutions of metals in liquid ammonia. Crown ethers.

iii. P-Block Elements: Comparative studies including diagonal relationship of group 13 and 14 elements. Borohydrides, Hydrides, oxide and oxy-acids and halides of boron, borax, Borazine ,allotropic forms of carbon, fullerenes, carbides of calcium and silicon. Hydrides, oxides, oxoacids and halides of nitrogen. Allotropic forms of phosphorous. Hydrides, halides, oxides and oxoacids of phosphorous. Basic properties of halogens and inter halogen compounds, pseudohalogens and poly halides. Occurrence of noble gases, History of discovery of noble gases and isolation of noble gases form air. Preparation properties and structure of important compounds of noble gases-fluorides, oxides, oxyfluorides of xenon (valence bond structure only). Krypton difluoride and clathrate compounds of noble gases.

iv. Introductory Analytical Chemistry: Data Analysis-Types and sources of errors, propagation of errors, detection and minimization of various types of errors. Accuracy and precision, average and standard deviation, variance, its analysis and confidence interval, tests of significance (F-test, t-test and paired t-test), criteria for the rejection of analytical data (4d rule, 2.5drule, Q-test, average deviation and standard deviation), least-square analysis.

v. Transition Elements: Chemistry of elements of 3d series: Oxidation states displayed by Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Co. A study of the following compounds (including preparation and important properties); Peroxo compounds of Cr, K2Cr2O7, KMnO4, K4[Fe(CN)6], sodium nitro prusside, [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, Na3[Co(NO2)6]. General group trends with special reference to electronic configuration, variable valency, colour, magnetic and catalytic properties, ability to form complexes and stability of various oxidation states (Latimer diagrams) for Mn, Fe and Cu.

vi. Lanthanides and actinides: Electronic configurations, oxidation states, colour, magnetic properties, lanthanide contraction, separation of lanthanides and actinides (ion exchange method only). vii. Coordination Chemistry: Valence Bond Theory (VBT): Inner and outer orbital complexes of Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu (coordination numbers 4 and 6). Structural and stereoisomerism in complexes with coordination numbers 4 and 6. Drawbacks of VBT. IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds. Definition and Classification with appropriate examples based on nature of metal-carbon bond (ionic, s, p and multicentre bonds). Structures of methyl lithium, Zeiss salt and ferrocene. EAN rule as applied to carbonyls. Synergic effects (VB approach)- (MO diagram of CO can be referred to for synergic effect to IR frequencies). Recapitulation of Crystal Field Theory including splitting of d-orbitals in different environments, Factors affecting the magnitude of crystal field splitting, structural effects (ionic radii, Jahn-Teller  effect),Thermodynamic effects of crystal field theory (ligation, hydration and lattice energy), Limitations of crystal field theory, Adjusted Crystal Field Theory (ACFT), Evidences for MetalLigand overlap in complexes, Molecular Orbital Theory for octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes (excluding mathematical treatment viii. Practical analysis: Inorganic salt analysis- Group analysis for acid and basic radicals including flame coloration. Organic compound analysis: preparation of Lassiagne extract, test for N,S and halogens, Organic qualitative tests for phenols, acids and carbohydrates. Acid –base and Complexo metric titrations. ix. Inorganic Hydrides: Classification, preparation, bonding and their applications. Transition metal compounds with bonds to hydrogen, carbonyl hydrides and hydride anions. Classification, nomenclature, Wade‘s Rules, preparation, structure and bonding in boron hydrides (boranes) and carboranes. x. Organic Reagents in Inorganic Chemistry: Chelation, factors determining the stability of chelates (effect of ring size, oxidation state of the metal, coordination number of the metal); Use of the following reagents in analysis: Dimethylglyoxime (in analytical chemistry) EDTA (in analytical chemistry and chemotherapy)8-Hydroxyquinoline (in analytical chemistry and chemotherapy) 1,10-Phenanthroline(in analytical chemistry and chemotherapy) Thio-semi carbazones (in analytical chemistry and chemotherapy) Dithiazone (in analytical chemistry and chemotherapy). xi. Atomic Spectroscopy: Energy levels in an atom, coupling of orbital angular momenta, coupling of spin angular moment, spin orbit coupling, spin orbit coupling p2 case, Determining the Ground State Terms-Hund’s Rule, Hole formulation(derivation of the Term Symbol for a closed subshell, derivation of the terms for a d2 configuration), Calculation of the number of the microstates. Electronic Spectra-I- Splitting of spectroscopic terms (S, P, D. F and G, H, I), d1 -d 9 systems in weak fields (excluding mathematics), strong field configurations, transitions from weak to strong crystalfields. Electronic Spectra-II- Correlation diagrams (d1 -d 9 ) in Oh and Td environments, spin-cross over in coordination compounds. Tanabe Sugano diagrams, Orgel diagrams, evaluation of B, C and β parameters. Page 4 of 10 b) ORGANIC CHEMISTRY i. Basic concepts in organic chemistry: IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds, Inductive, Electrometric and resonance effects, Hyperconjugation. Aromaticity, anti-aromaticity. Carbonium ions and carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes. ii. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers: Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol. Ethylene glycol and Glycerol. Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses. iii. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids: Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses. Aldol condensation and Cannizaro reaction. Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses. iv. Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry. v. Stereochemistry: Introduction to Basic Concepts of Stereochemistry: Isomers and their properties, Threo and Erythro isomers, Chirality, Optical isomerism, Geometrical isomerism, Conventions for configurations- D, L and R, S systems, Racemic mixture and Racemization, Resolution of Racemic mixtures, Measurement of optical activity, optical purity, Stereoselective and Stereospecific reactions, epimerization, epimers, anomersand mutarotation, Axial Chirality (Allenes and Biphenyls). Page 5 of 10 vi. Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution: Reactivity effect of substrate structure, leaving group and nucleophile. The SN2, SN1, mixed SN1 and SN2, SET mechanisms & SNi mechanism. The neighboring group mechanism, neighboring group participation by π and σ bonds, anchimeric assistance. Nonclassical carbocations,phenonium ions, norbornyl system, common carbocation rearrangements-Wagner-Meerwein, Pinacol-Pinacolone and Demjanov ring expansion and ring contraction. Nucleophilic substitution at an allylic, aliphatic trigonal and a vinylic carbon. vii. Free radical reactions: Geometry of free radicals, Types of free radical reactions, free radical substitution mechanism, mechanism at an aromatic substrate neighboring group assistance, Reactivity in aliphatic and aromatic substrates at abridge head and attacking radicals. Effect of solvents on reactivity. Allylic halogenation (NBS), oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids, auto oxidation, couplingof alkynes and arylation of aromatic compounds by diazonium salts (Gomberg Bachmannreaction), Hoffmann-Loffler-Freytag reaction, Hunsdiecker reaction.

viii. Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution: Arenium ion mechanism, orientation and reactivity, The ortho /para ratio, ipso attack, orientation in other ring systems. Quantitative treatment of reactivity in substrates and electrophiles, Diazonium coupling, Vilsmeir- Haack reaction, Scholl reaction, Amination reaction, Fries rearrangement, Hofmann-Martius Reaction, Reversal of Friedel Craft alkylation.
ix. Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution: SNAr, SN1, benzyne and SRN1 mechanism. Reactivity, effect of substrate structure, leaving group and attacking nucleophile, VonRichter, Sommelet-Hauser, and Smiles rearrangements, Ullman reaction, Ziegler alkylation, Schiemann reaction.
x. Common Organic Reactions and their Mechanisms: Perkin condensation, Michael reaction, Robinson annulation, Diekmann reaction, Stobbe condensation, Mannich reaction, Knoevenagel condensation, Benzoin condensation, Witting reaction, Hydroboration, Hydrocarboxylation, Ester hydrolysis, Epoxidation.

xi. Reagents in Organic Synthesis: Synthesis and applications of BF3, NBS, Diazomethane, Lead tetra-acetate, Osmiumtetra oxide, Woodward Prevost hydroxylation reagent, LiAlH4, NaBH4,  Grignard reagent, organozinc and organolithium reagent. Wilkinson catalyst, 1-3 dithane, Grubbs catalyst, DCC, LDA, DDQ.
xii. Pericyclic Reactions: Molecular orbital symmetry, Frontier orbitals of ethylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,3,5 hexatrienes and allyl system. Classification of pericyclic reactions, WoodwardHoffmann correlation diagrams. FMO and PMO approach. Electro cyclic reactions: con-rotatory and dis-rotatory motions, 4n and 4n+2 and allyl systems. Cycloadditions- antarafacial and Suprafacial additions, 4n and 4n+2 systems, 2+2 addition of ketenes, 1,3 dipolar cyclo additions and cheletropic reactions. Sigmatropic rearrangements-Suprafacial and Antara facial shifts of H, sigmatropic shifts involving carbon moieties, Claisen, Cope and aza-Cope rearrangements, Ene reaction.
xiii. Polymers: Brief introduction to preparation, structure, properties and application of the following polymers: polyolefins, polystyrene and styrene copolymers, poly (vinyl chloride) and related polymers, poly (vinyl acetate) and related polymers, acrylic polymers, fluoro polymers, polyamides and related polymers. Phenol formaldehyde resins (Bakelite, Novalac), polyurethanes, silicone polymers, polydienes, Polycarbonates, Conducting Polymers, [polyacetylene, polyaniline, poly(p-phenylene sulphide polypyrrole, polythiophene)].

xiv. Biomolecules: Classification, and General Properties, Glucose and Fructose (open chain and cyclic structure), Determination of configuration of mono saccharides, absolute configuration of Glucose and Fructose, Mutarotation, ascending and descending in monosaccharide. Structure of disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose) and polysaccharides (starch and cellulose) excluding their structure elucidation. Proteins -Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones – Elementary idea excluding structure. Vitamins – Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
xv. Heterocyclic compounds: Introduction: Classification and nomenclature, Molecular orbital picture & aromatic characteristics of pyrrole, furan, thiophene & pyridine. Methods of synthesis, chemical reactions with emphasis on mechanism  of electrophilic substitution. Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions in pyridine. comparison of basicity of pyridine, piperidine and pyrrole. Introduction to condensed five & six-membered heterocyclic compounds, preparation & reactions of indolequinoline & isoquinoline with special reference to Fisher indole synthesis Skraup synthesis &Bischler – Napieralski synthesis. Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions of indole, quinoline, & isoquinoline

c) PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
i. Solutions: Thermodynamics of ideal solutions: Ideal solutions and Raoult’s law, deviations from Raoult’s law – non-ideal solutions. Vapour pressure-composition and temperature composition curves of ideal and non-ideal solutions. Distillationof solutions. Lever rule. Azeotropes. Partial miscibilityof liquids: Critical solution temperature; effect of impurity on partial miscibility of liquids. Nernst distribution law and its applications, solvent extraction.
ii. Solids: Forms of solids. Symmetry elements, unit cells, crystal systems, Bravais lattice types and identification of lattice planes. Laws of Crystallography – Lawof constancy of interfacial angles, Lawof rational indices. Miller indices. X– Ray diffraction by crystals, Bragg’s law. Structures of NaCl, KCl and CsCl (qualitative treatment only). Defects in crystals.
iii. Ionic Equilibria: Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale, common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle.
iv. Electrochemistry-I: Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for weak and strong electrolytes. Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Transference number and its experimental determination using Hittorf and Moving boundary methods. Ionic mobility. Applications of conductance measurements: determination of degree of ionization of weak electrolyte, solubility and solubility products of sparingly soluble salts, ionic product of water, Page 8 of 10 hydrolysis constant of a salt. Conductometric titrations (only acid base).
v. Electrochemistry-II: Reversible and irreversible cells. Concept of EMF of a cell. Measurement of EMF of a cell. Nernst equation and its importance. Types of electrodes. Standard electrode potential. Electrochemical series. Thermodynamics of a reversible cell, calculation of thermodynamic properties: ΔG, ΔH and ΔS from EMF data.Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data. Concentration cells with transference and without transference. Liquid junction potential and salt bridge. pH determination using hydrogen electrode and quinhydrone electrode.
vi. Resonance Spectroscopy: Principle and Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Chemical shift and spin – spin coupling. Factors influencing chemical–shift and spin– spin coupling of 1H-NMR. Spin –spin and spin– lattice relaxation processes. Line –width and rate processes. First and second order 1H-NMR spectra. Principle and theory of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR). Hyper fine structure of ESR. Zero–field splitting of ESR signal., McConnell relation. Introduction to Mossbauer spectroscopy (isomer–shift, quadrupole interaction and magnetic hyperfine interaction).
vii. Kinetics of complex reactions: Consecutive and competitive (parallel) first order reactions. Kinetic vs. thermo dynamic control reaction. Free radical reactions; thermal (H2 – Br2) and photochemical H2 –Cl2) reactions. Rice – Herzfeld mechanism of dissociation of organic moleculesviz. dissociation of ethane, decomposition of acetaldehyde as 3/2 or ½ order reactions. Reaction rates and chemical equilibrium, principle of microscopic reversibility, activation energy and activated complex.
viii. Chemical Thermodynamics-I: Brief resume of laws of thermodynamics, Free energy functions, Gibb’s and Helmholtz free energy functions and their significance, Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, thermodynamic equilibria and free energy functions, applications of Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, Clapeyron-Clausius equation, Thermodynamics of Elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point, relation between osmotic pressure and elevation of boiling point, relation between osmotic pressure and depression in freezing point. 
ix. Chemical Thermodynamics-II: Chemical affinity, applications of chemical affinity, methods for determining the chemical affinity, partial molar properties, Physical significance of partial molar properties, chemical potential, Gibbs -Duhem equation, variation of chemical potential with temperature and pressure, chemical potential of a pure solid or liquid, chemical potential of a pure ideal gas and mixture of ideal gases, thermodynamic functions of mixing, fugacity, fugacity coefficient, determination of fugacity, variation of fugacity with temperature and pressure.
x. Ultra Violet and Visible Spectroscopy: Electronic transitions (185-800 nm), Beer- Lambert Law, Effect of solvent on electronic transitions, Ultra Violet bands of carbonyl compounds, unsaturated carbonyl compounds, dienes, conjugated polyenes, Steric effect in biphenyls, FieserWoodward rules for conjugated dienes and carbonyl compounds, ultra violet spectra of aromatic and heterocyclic compounds. Applications of UV-visible spectroscopy in organic chemistry.
xi. Infrared Spectroscopy: Principle, Instrumentation and sample handling, Characteristic vibrational frequencies of common organic compounds, Effect of hydrogen bonding and solvent effect on vibrational frequencies, overtones, combination bands and Fermi resonance. Introduction to Raman spectroscopy. Applications of IR and Raman spectroscopy in organic chemistry. xii. Mass Spectrometry: Introduction, ion production—EI,CI,FD and FAB, factors affecting fragmentation, ion analysis, andion abundance. Mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds with common functional groups, Molecular ion peak, Meta-stablepeak, McLafferty rearrangement. Nitrogen Rule. Examples of mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds with respect to their structure determination. Introduction to negative ion Mass spectrometry, TOF-MALDI. Problems based upon IR, UV, NMR and mass spectroscopy.
xiii. Statistical thermodynamics Basic Terminology: probability, phase space, micro and macro states, thermo dynamic probability, statistical weight, assembly, ensemble, The mostprobable distribution: Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, quantum statistics: The Bose-Einstein statistics and Fermi- Dirac Statistics. Thermodynamic probability (W) for the three types of statistics. Lagrange’s undetermined multipliers. Stirling’s  approximation, Molecular partition function and its importance. Applications to ideal gases: The molecular partition function and its factorization. Evaluation of translational, rotational and vibrational partition functions, the electronic and nuclear partition functions. For monatomic, diatomic and polyatomic gases.
xiv. Basic Quantum Chemistry: Operators in quantum mechanics. Introduction to angular momentum. Eigen values and eigen functions. Operators in quantum chemistry and related algebra, Hermitian operator. Postulates of quantum mechanics. Time dependent and time independent Schrodinger wave equations. Some analytically soluble problems (complete solutions) of particle in a one- and three-dimensional box, harmonic– oscillator, the rigid rotor, the hydrogen atom and the quantum mechanical tunnelling.

2. SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.ED – Learning and Teaching, Assessment for Learning, Teaching of Physical Science, Lesson Planning, Assessment and Evaluation, ICT in TeachingLearning Process, Guidance and Counselling. Methods and Approaches. Teaching of LSRW Skills.

3. GENERAL AWARENESS (a)General knowledge: General Knowledge including General knowledge of Himachal Pradesh. (b) Current Affairs . (c) Everyday Science . (d) Logical Reasoning . (e) Social Science (10th standard). (f) General English (10th standard). (g) General Hindi (10th standard).

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