Childhood and Development Years Mcq for Hprca TGT Commission Exam

Prepare effectively for the HPRCA TGT Commission Exam with this complete set of Childhood and Development Years MCQs based on the latest B.Ed and NCF guidelines. These multiple-choice questions cover key theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson, Freud, and Kohlberg, focusing on stages of growth, learning processes, emotional and moral development, and the role of heredity and environment. Each question is designed to test deep conceptual understanding rather than rote memory, making it ideal for teacher eligibility and recruitment exams like HPRCA, CTET, HP TET, DSSSB, and KVS. Strengthen your preparation with these accurate and exam-oriented MCQs on Childhood, Growth, and Development to score high and build strong foundations in Educational Psychology.

Childhood and Development Years Mcq for Hprca TGT Commission Exam

1. Development of a child proceeds from —

बच्चे का विकास किस दिशा में होता है?
A. General to specific / सामान्य से विशिष्ट ✅
B. Specific to general / विशिष्ट से सामान्य
C. Horizontal to vertical / क्षैतिज से ऊर्ध्व
D. None of these / इनमें से कोई नहीं
🧩 Concept: Child development always moves from general responses to specific skills.

2. Which psychologist is associated with the theory of Cognitive Development?

किस मनोवैज्ञानिक का संबंध संज्ञानात्मक विकास सिद्धांत से है?
A. Freud / फ्रायड
B. Piaget / पियाजे ✅
C. Skinner / स्किनर
D. Bandura / बंडुरा
🧠 Concept: Piaget explained how intelligence develops through stages.

3. “Learning by doing” principle is given by —

“करके सीखना” का सिद्धांत किसने दिया था?
A. Dewey / ड्यूई ✅
B. Thorndike / थॉर्नडाइक
C. Skinner / स्किनर
D. Pavlov / पावलोव
🧩 Concept: Dewey emphasized active participation in learning.

4. Vygotsky emphasized that development is mainly influenced by —

वाइगोत्स्की के अनुसार विकास मुख्यतः किससे प्रभावित होता है?
A. Heredity / वंशानुक्रम
B. Environment / पर्यावरण
C. Social interaction / सामाजिक पारस्परिकता ✅
D. Biological growth / जैविक वृद्धि
🧠 Concept: Learning occurs through interaction with society and culture.

5. Freud’s Latency stage occurs between ages —

फ्रायड के अनुसार गुप्तावस्था (Latency stage) किस आयु में आती है?
A. 0–2 years
B. 3–5 years
C. 6–12 years ✅
D. 12–18 years
💡 Concept: Energy diverted to skill learning and peer relations.

6. According to Erikson, identity crisis occurs during —

एरिक्सन के अनुसार पहचान संकट किस अवस्था में होता है?
A. Childhood / बचपन
B. Adolescence / किशोरावस्था ✅
C. Infancy / शैशवावस्था
D. Adulthood / वयस्कता
🧩 Concept: Adolescents struggle to establish personal identity.

7. In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell represents —

पावलोव के प्रयोग में घंटी क्या दर्शाती है?
A. Conditioned stimulus / अनुशर्त उद्दीपन ✅
B. Unconditioned stimulus / अननुशर्त उद्दीपन
C. Neutral stimulus / तटस्थ उद्दीपन
D. Response / प्रतिक्रिया
🧠 Concept: The bell becomes conditioned after repeated association.

8. The “Law of Effect” was proposed by —

“प्रभाव का नियम” किसने दिया था?
A. Skinner / स्किनर
B. Thorndike / थॉर्नडाइक ✅
C. Bandura / बंडुरा
D. Pavlov / पावलोव
💡 Concept: Responses followed by satisfaction are strengthened.

9. A child’s tendency to imitate models is explained by —

किस सिद्धांत में बच्चे की अनुकरण की प्रवृत्ति को समझाया गया है?
A. Behaviourism / व्यवहारवाद
B. Social Learning Theory / सामाजिक अधिगम सिद्धांत ✅
C. Constructivism / रचनावाद
D. Gestalt Theory / गेस्टाल्ट सिद्धांत
🧠 Concept: Bandura’s theory emphasizes learning by observing others.

10. The process of adjustment between assimilation and accommodation is —

आत्मसात् और समायोजन के बीच संतुलन की प्रक्रिया क्या कहलाती है?
A. Equilibration / संतुलन ✅
B. Adaptation / अनुकूलन
C. Interaction / अंतःक्रिया
D. Imitation / अनुकरण
🧩 Concept: Equilibration maintains cognitive stability.

11. Individual differences are mainly the result of —

व्यक्तिगत भिन्नताएँ मुख्य रूप से किसका परिणाम हैं?
A. Environment only / केवल पर्यावरण
B. Heredity only / केवल वंशानुक्रम
C. Both heredity and environment / वंशानुक्रम एवं पर्यावरण दोनों ✅
D. Teacher influence / शिक्षक का प्रभाव
💡 Concept: Heredity sets limits, environment shapes development.

12. The “trial and error” method is associated with —

“प्रयास और त्रुटि” विधि का संबंध किससे है?
A. Thorndike / थॉर्नडाइक ✅
B. Pavlov / पावलोव
C. Skinner / स्किनर
D. Watson / वॉटसन
🧠 Concept: Learning through attempts until success occurs.

13. Who introduced the concept of Emotional Intelligence?

भावनात्मक बुद्धि की अवधारणा किसने दी?
A. Gardner / गार्डनर
B. Goleman / गोलमैन ✅
C. Stern / स्टर्न
D. Wechsler / वेक्सलर
🧩 Concept: EQ = ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions.

14. Which of the following best describes adolescence?

किशोरावस्था को निम्न में से कौन सबसे अच्छा परिभाषित करता है?
A. Period of dependence / निर्भरता की अवस्था
B. Period of confusion and change / भ्रम और परिवर्तन की अवस्था ✅
C. Period of stagnation / ठहराव की अवस्था
D. Period of childhood / बचपन की अवस्था
💡 Concept: Transition between childhood and adulthood.

15. Piaget’s “object permanence” is achieved during —

पियाजे की “वस्तु स्थायित्व” की अवधारणा किस अवस्था में विकसित होती है?
A. Pre-operational / पूर्व–संचालन
B. Sensorimotor / संवेदी–गति ✅
C. Concrete operational / ठोस–संचालन
D. Formal operational / औपचारिक–संचालन
🧠 Concept: Understanding that objects exist even when unseen (0–2 yrs).

16. “Self-concept” develops mainly during —

“स्व–अवधारणा” का विकास मुख्य रूप से किस अवस्था में होता है?
A. Infancy / शैशवावस्था
B. Early childhood / प्रारंभिक बचपन ✅
C. Adolescence / किशोरावस्था
D. Adulthood / वयस्कता
💡 Concept: Self-awareness begins as children interact socially.

17. Who developed the concept of “Multiple Intelligences”?

“बहु–बुद्धिमत्ता” की अवधारणा किसने दी?
A. Sternberg / स्टर्नबर्ग
B. Gardner / गार्डनर ✅
C. Thorndike / थॉर्नडाइक
D. Spearman / स्पीयरमैन
🧩 Concept: Intelligence is not one-dimensional.

18. The tendency to attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors is called —

सफलता का श्रेय आंतरिक कारकों को और असफलता का बाह्य कारकों को देना कहलाता है —
A. Self-serving bias / आत्म–सेवा पूर्वाग्रह ✅
B. Halo effect / प्रभामंडल प्रभाव
C. Projection / प्रक्षेपण
D. Attribution error / आरोपण त्रुटि
🧠 Concept: Protects self-esteem psychologically.

19. “Centration” is a limitation of which Piagetian stage?

“केन्द्रण” पियाजे के किस चरण की सीमा है?
A. Sensorimotor / संवेदी–गति
B. Pre-operational / पूर्व–संचालन ✅
C. Concrete operational / ठोस–संचालन
D. Formal operational / औपचारिक–संचालन
💡 Concept: Child focuses on one aspect, ignoring others.

20. According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning at conventional level is based on —

कोलबर्ग के अनुसार परंपरागत स्तर पर नैतिक चिंतन आधारित होता है —
A. Avoiding punishment / दंड से बचाव
B. Social approval / सामाजिक स्वीकृति ✅
C. Universal ethics / सार्वभौमिक नैतिकता
D. Personal interest / व्यक्तिगत हित
🧩 Concept: Desire to gain others’ approval.

21. Development proceeds from —
विकास किस दिशा में होता है —
A. Head to foot / सिर से पैर तक ✅
B. Foot to head / पैर से सिर तक
C. Centre to periphery / केंद्र से किनारे
D. Random / अनियमित
🧠 Concept: Cephalocaudal principle — growth starts from head region.

22. Which principle explains that development moves from general to specific responses?
कौन–सा सिद्धांत बताता है कि विकास सामान्य से विशिष्ट प्रतिक्रियाओं की ओर बढ़ता है?
A. Cephalocaudal
B. Proximodistal ✅
C. Sequential
D. Discontinuous
🧠 Concept: Proximodistal – from centre to outer parts.

23. “Learning by doing” is mainly associated with —
“करके सीखना” किससे जुड़ा है —
A. John Dewey / जॉन ड्यूई ✅
B. Skinner / स्किनर
C. Pavlov / पावलॉव
D. Thorndike / थॉर्नडाइक
🧠 Concept: Dewey’s pragmatic education stresses active participation.

24. The id, ego, and superego are components of personality according to —
‘इड’, ‘ईगो’ और ‘सुपरईगो’ व्यक्तित्व के घटक हैं —
A. Freud / फ्रायड ✅
B. Erikson / एरिक्सन
C. Adler / ऐडलर
D. Jung / युंग
🧠 Concept: Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.

25. The major goal of child psychology is to —
बाल मनोविज्ञान का मुख्य उद्देश्य है —
A. Understand child behavior scientifically ✅
B. Control children
C. Train teachers only
D. Assess intelligence
🧠 Concept: Scientific study of growth, learning, and development.

26. Which factor plays the most dominant role in personality formation?
व्यक्तित्व निर्माण में सबसे प्रमुख भूमिका किस कारक की होती है?
A. Environment / पर्यावरण ✅
B. Heredity
C. Food habits
D. Religion
🧠 Concept: Personality shaped by social and cultural environment.

27. The period of “storm and stress” as per Stanley Hall is —
स्टैनली हॉल के अनुसार “तूफान और तनाव” की अवस्था है —
A. Childhood / बचपन
B. Adolescence / किशोरावस्था ✅
C. Adulthood / प्रौढ़ावस्था
D. Infancy / शैशव
🧠 Concept: Adolescence involves emotional instability and rapid change.

28. Imitation plays vital role in —
अनुकरण प्रमुख भूमिका निभाता है —
A. Moral learning / नैतिक अधिगम
B. Observational learning / अवलोकन द्वारा अधिगम ✅
C. Conditioning
D. Drill learning
🧠 Concept: Bandura’s social learning theory.

29. The best method to study child behaviour over a long time is —
लंबे समय तक बाल व्यवहार का अध्ययन करने की सर्वोत्तम विधि है —
A. Cross-sectional
B. Longitudinal ✅
C. Experimental
D. Case study
🧠 Concept: Observes same individuals across time.

30. Which theorist emphasized language as a cultural tool for learning?
किस सिद्धांतकार ने भाषा को अधिगम का सांस्कृतिक साधन बताया?
A. Piaget
B. Vygotsky ✅
C. Erikson
D. Skinner
🧠 Concept: Social interaction develops higher mental functions.

31. Operant conditioning is based on —
सक्रिय अनुबंधन आधारित है —
A. Consequences of behaviour / व्यवहार के परिणामों पर ✅
B. Association of stimuli
C. Observation
D. Habituation
🧠 Concept: Reinforcement or punishment shapes behaviour.

32. “Trial and Error” theory was proposed by —
“प्रयास एवं भूल” सिद्धांत किसने दिया?
A. Pavlov
B. Thorndike ✅
C. Skinner
D. Bandura
🧠 Concept: Learning occurs through repeated trials.

33. Classical conditioning was demonstrated by —
शास्त्रीय अनुबंधन किसने प्रदर्शित किया?
A. Skinner
B. Pavlov ✅
C. Thorndike
D. Bruner
🧠 Concept: Dog salivation experiment.

34. The term “scaffolding” in learning means —
अधिगम में “सहारा देना” का अर्थ है —
A. Giving hints and supports during learning ✅
B. Removing help
C. Memorizing facts
D. Passive listening
🧠 Concept: Temporary support till learner becomes independent.

35. Emotional intelligence concept was popularized by —
भावनात्मक बुद्धिमत्ता की अवधारणा को किसने लोकप्रिय बनाया?
A. Goleman ✅
B. Gardner
C. Spearman
D. Thurstone
🧠 Concept: Recognizing and managing emotions.

36. Gardner proposed theory of —
गार्डनर ने किस सिद्धांत का प्रतिपादन किया?
A. Multiple Intelligences / बहु–बुद्धि सिद्धांत ✅
B. Emotional Intelligence
C. Moral Development
D. Personality Traits
🧠 Concept: Human intelligence has several forms.

37. Which of the following is not an agent of socialization?
निम्न में से कौन समाजीकरण का माध्यम नहीं है?
A. Family / परिवार
B. Peer group / सहकर्मी
C. Media / मीडिया
D. DNA structure / डी.एन.ए. संरचना ✅
🧠 Concept: DNA is biological, not social.

38. Adolescents experience cognitive shift towards —
किशोर संज्ञानात्मक रूप से किस ओर झुकते हैं —
A. Abstract thinking / अमूर्त चिंतन ✅
B. Sensory thinking
C. Egocentric thought
D. Habitual learning
🧠 Concept: Formal operational stage (Piaget).

39. “Egocentrism” refers to —
“अहंकेन्द्रिता” का अर्थ है —
A. Seeing world only from one’s own viewpoint ✅
B. Lack of ego
C. Overconfidence
D. Altruistic behaviour
🧠 Concept: Pre-operational limitation (Piaget).

40. Freud’s “latency stage” is characterized by —
फ्रायड का “गुप्तावस्था चरण” की विशेषता है —
A. Calm period of development ✅
B. Sexual drive
C. Oral pleasure
D. Conflict with parents
🧠 Concept: 6–12 years of relative stability.

41. “Inferiority complex” concept was introduced by —
“हीन भावना” की अवधारणा दी —
A. Adler ✅
B. Jung
C. Freud
D. Erikson
🧠 Concept: Feeling of weakness motivates striving for superiority.

42. Who emphasized “learning through insight”?
“दृष्टि द्वारा अधिगम” पर किसने बल दिया?
A. Kohler ✅
B. Thorndike
C. Skinner
D. Pavlov
🧠 Concept: Sudden understanding of solution (chimp experiment).

43. Social learning theory bridges —
सामाजिक अधिगम सिद्धांत जोड़ता है —
A. Behaviourism and Cognitivism ✅
B. Structuralism and Functionalism
C. Empiricism and Idealism
D. Rationalism and Naturalism
🧠 Concept: Learning through observation plus cognition.

44. Play is important for —
खेल महत्वपूर्ण है —
A. Social and emotional development ✅
B. Physical only
C. Cognitive only
D. None
🧠 Concept: Builds cooperation, imagination, and self-control.

45. The most critical period of brain development is —
मस्तिष्क विकास की सबसे संवेदनशील अवधि है —
A. Early childhood / प्रारंभिक बचपन ✅
B. Adolescence
C. Adulthood
D. Old age
🧠 Concept: Neural connections form rapidly 0–6 yrs.

46. A child who speaks late but understands well shows —
एक बच्चा जो देर से बोलता है पर अच्छी तरह समझता है —
A. Delay in expression only ✅
B. Cognitive retardation
C. Auditory loss
D. Behaviour disorder
🧠 Concept: Expressive delay ≠ overall deficiency.

47. Which test measures intelligence quotient?
कौन–सा परीक्षण बुद्धिलब्धि मापता है?
A. Binet-Simon scale ✅
B. Rorschach test
C. TAT
D. MMPI
🧠 Concept: First standard IQ test.

48. Moral reasoning in conventional level is guided by —
पारंपरिक स्तर पर नैतिक तर्कसंगति आधारित होती है —
A. Social approval / सामाजिक स्वीकृति ✅
B. Punishment
C. Self-principle
D. Instinct
🧠 Concept: Desire to conform to rules.

49. Piaget believed moral development arises from —
पियाजे के अनुसार नैतिक विकास उत्पन्न होता है —
A. Peer interaction / सहकर्मी संवाद ✅
B. Parental control
C. Heredity
D. Punishment
🧠 Concept: Cooperation promotes moral reasoning.

50. A child unable to see another’s perspective is in —
दूसरे के दृष्टिकोण को न समझ पाने वाला बच्चा किस अवस्था में है —
A. Pre-operational ✅
B. Sensorimotor
C. Concrete
D. Formal
🧠 Concept: Egocentric thought dominates 2–7 yrs.

51. Conditioning is a process of —
अनुबंधन किस प्रक्रिया से जुड़ा है —
A. Stimulus-response association ✅
B. Maturation
C. Observation
D. Motivation
🧠 Concept: Behaviourist foundation.

52. Who advocated cognitive apprenticeship model?
संज्ञानात्मक प्रशिक्षुता मॉडल किसने प्रतिपादित किया?
A. Collins, Brown & Newman ✅
B. Vygotsky
C. Bandura
D. Piaget
🧠 Concept: Learning guided by expert in real tasks.

53. Bruner’s modes of representation include all except —
ब्रूनर के प्रतिनिनिधित्व रूपों में निम्न में से कौन नहीं है —
A. Enactive
B. Iconic
C. Symbolic
D. Genetic ✅
🧠 Concept: Three modes – action, image, symbol.

54. Motivation that arises from inner satisfaction is —
अंतःसंतोष से उत्पन्न प्रेरणा कहलाती है —
A. Intrinsic motivation / आंतरिक प्रेरणा ✅
B. Extrinsic motivation
C. Incentive motivation
D. Compulsion
🧠 Concept: Driven by personal interest or enjoyment.

55. Maslow placed “esteem needs” —
मस्लो ने “सम्मान की आवश्यकता” को किस स्थान पर रखा?
A. Above love needs / प्रेम आवश्यकताओं के ऊपर ✅
B. Below safety
C. After self-actualization
D. First level
🧠 Concept: Fourth level in hierarchy.

56. Regression as defense mechanism means —
रक्षा तंत्र के रूप में प्रतिगमन का अर्थ है —
A. Returning to earlier behaviour stage ✅
B. Forgetting painful events
C. Opposite reaction
D. Rational explanation
🧠 Concept: Childlike response to stress.

57. Personality assessment through inkblot is —
स्याही धब्बों द्वारा व्यक्तित्व मूल्यांकन —
A. Rorschach test ✅
B. TAT
C. Binet test
D. MMPI
🧠 Concept: Projective technique.

58. Who introduced concept of IQ?
आई.क्यू. की अवधारणा किसने दी?
A. Stern ✅
B. Binet
C. Wechsler
D. Galton
🧠 Concept: IQ = MA/CA × 100.

59. Who proposed “Hierarchy of needs”?
“आवश्यकताओं का पदानुक्रम” किसने दिया?
A. Maslow ✅
B. McGregor
C. Herzberg
D. Rogers
🧠 Concept: Motivational theory.

60. “Self-actualization” refers to —
“स्व–अभिव्यक्ति” का अर्थ है —
A. Realizing one’s potential fully ✅
B. Seeking approval
C. Meeting physical needs
D. Earning money
🧠 Concept: Highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy.

61. Correlation between heredity and environment is —
वंशानुक्रम और पर्यावरण के बीच संबंध है —
A. Interactive ✅
B. Independent
C. Contradictory
D. Fixed
🧠 Concept: Both complement each other.

62. Learning readiness depends upon —
अधिगम की तत्परता निर्भर करती है —
A. Maturation / परिपक्वता ✅
B. Punishment
C. Rewards
D. Habit
🧠 Concept: Maturity prepares child for learning.

63. Behaviour modification technique includes —
व्यवहार संशोधन तकनीक में शामिल है —
A. Reinforcement ✅
B. Punishment only
C. Ignorance
D. Dictation
🧠 Concept: Strengthening desired behaviour.

64. Children’s curiosity is a sign of —
बच्चों की जिज्ञासा का संकेत है —
A. Cognitive growth / संज्ञानात्मक वृद्धि ✅
B. Laziness
C. Disobedience
D. Shyness
🧠 Concept: Indicates active thinking.

65. “Unconscious mind” was first emphasized by —
“अवचेतन मन” पर सबसे पहले बल दिया —
A. Freud ✅
B. Jung
C. Rogers
D. Watson
🧠 Concept: Hidden desires influence behaviour.

66. Social maturity means —
सामाजिक परिपक्वता का अर्थ है —
A. Adjusting with others responsibly ✅
B. Physical strength
C. Economic independence
D. Political awareness
🧠 Concept: Proper interpersonal behaviour.

67. Creativity requires —
सृजनात्मकता के लिए आवश्यक है —
A. Divergent thinking / विविध सोच ✅
B. Rote learning
C. Conformity
D. Blind imitation
🧠 Concept: Producing novel solutions.

68. Which of the following is least inherited?
निम्न में से कौन सबसे कम वंशानुगत है?
A. Language / भाषा ✅
B. Eye colour
C. Height
D. Blood group
🧠 Concept: Language is learned socially.

69. The first socializing agency of child is —
बच्चे की पहली समाजीकरण एजेंसी है —
A. Family / परिवार ✅
B. School
C. Peer group
D. Media
🧠 Concept: Home provides early norms and values.

70. “Centration” refers to —
“केन्द्रण” का अर्थ है —
A. Focusing on one aspect of situation ✅
B. Logical operation
C. Abstract reasoning
D. Balanced thought
🧠 Concept: Pre-operational cognitive limitation.

71. “Conservation” ability appears during —
“स्थायित्व” की क्षमता विकसित होती है —
A. Concrete operational stage ✅
B. Pre-operational
C. Sensorimotor
D. Formal operational
🧠 Concept: Understanding quantity constancy (7–11 yrs).

72. According to Kohlberg, post-conventional morality is based on —
कोलबर्ग के अनुसार उत्तर–पारंपरिक नैतिकता आधारित है —
A. Universal ethical principles / सार्वभौमिक नैतिक सिद्धांत ✅
B. Fear of punishment
C. Social approval
D. Authority obedience
🧠 Concept: Internal moral standards.

73. The process of achieving balance between assimilation and accommodation is —
आत्मसात् और समायोजन के बीच संतुलन की प्रक्रिया —
A. Equilibration / साम्यीकरण ✅
B. Differentiation
C. Generalization
D. Socialization
🧠 Concept: Drives cognitive development.

74. “Identity vs Role Confusion” occurs during —
“पहचान बनाम भूमिका भ्रम” किस अवधि में होता है —
A. Adolescence / किशोरावस्था ✅
B. Childhood
C. Infancy
D. Adulthood
🧠 Concept: Erikson’s 5th stage.

75. The highest form of play according to Piaget is —
पियाजे के अनुसार खेल का सर्वोच्च रूप है —
A. Rule-based play / नियम आधारित खेल ✅
B. Functional play
C. Constructive play
D. Symbolic play
🧠 Concept: Shows social cooperation.

76. Which of these is a projective technique?
निम्न में से कौन प्रक्षेपण तकनीक है?
A. TAT ✅
B. Aptitude test
C. Achievement test
D. Interest inventory
🧠 Concept: Reveals inner motives via pictures.

77. “Self-concept” develops mainly through —
“स्व–धारणा” विकसित होती है —
A. Social interaction / सामाजिक संपर्क ✅
B. Isolation
C. Punishment
D. Competition
🧠 Concept: Feedback from others shapes self-image.

78. According to Freud, “superego” represents —
फ्रायड के अनुसार “सुपरईगो” का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है —
A. Moral conscience / नैतिक अंतरात्मा ✅
B. Biological drives
C. Reality principle
D. Pleasure principle
🧠 Concept: Voice of morality and ideals.

79. Intelligence tests measure —
बुद्धि परीक्षण मापते हैं —
A. Capacity to learn and solve problems ✅
B. Achievement
C. Memory alone
D. Attitude
🧠 Concept: General mental ability.

80. Transfer of learning means —
अधिगम का स्थानांतरण का अर्थ है —
A. Applying previous learning in new situation ✅
B. Forgetting
C. Repetition
D. Motivation
🧠 Concept: Learning affects future performance.

81. Which of the following is the best example of intrinsic motivation?
निम्नलिखित में से अंतःप्रेरणा का सर्वोत्तम उदाहरण कौन–सा है?
A. Studying for good marks / अच्छे अंक पाने के लिए पढ़ना
B. Reading out of curiosity / जिज्ञासा से पढ़ना ✅
C. Working for reward / इनाम के लिए कार्य करना
D. Competing for prize / पुरस्कार हेतु प्रतियोगिता
🧠 Concept: Intrinsic motivation arises from internal satisfaction.

82. The method of observing a child in a natural setting is known as —
बच्चे का प्राकृतिक परिवेश में अवलोकन करने की विधि कहलाती है —
A. Controlled observation / नियंत्रित अवलोकन
B. Participant observation / सहभागी अवलोकन ✅
C. Laboratory observation / प्रयोगशाला अवलोकन
D. Case study / प्रकरण अध्ययन
🧠 Concept: In participant observation, observer interacts naturally with the child.

83. The period of rapid physical and emotional changes is —
तेज़ शारीरिक एवं भावनात्मक परिवर्तन की अवधि है —
A. Childhood / बचपन
B. Adolescence / किशोरावस्था ✅
C. Adulthood / वयस्कता
D. Infancy / शैशवावस्था
🧠 Concept: Puberty brings major physical and hormonal changes.

84. The term “Egocentrism” was used by —
“अहंकेन्द्रिता” शब्द का प्रयोग किसने किया था?
A. Freud / फ्रायड
B. Piaget / पियाजे ✅
C. Erikson / एरिक्सन
D. Bruner / ब्रूनर
🧠 Concept: Egocentrism = inability to see others’ perspectives (pre-operational stage).

85. The period from birth to two years is called —
जन्म से दो वर्ष की अवधि को कहा जाता है —
A. Infancy / शैशवावस्था ✅
B. Early childhood / प्रारंभिक बचपन
C. Toddlerhood / टॉडलर अवस्था
D. Pre-school age / पूर्व–विद्यालय अवस्था
🧠 Concept: Rapid growth, sensory and motor development.

86. “Learning by doing” principle was advocated by —
“करके सीखना” सिद्धांत का प्रतिपादन किसने किया था?
A. Rousseau / रूसो
B. Dewey / ड्यूई ✅
C. Skinner / स्किनर
D. Thorndike / थॉर्नडाइक
🧠 Concept: Dewey emphasized experiential education.

87. Which psychologist emphasized the importance of reinforcement in learning?
किस मनोवैज्ञानिक ने अधिगम में पुनर्बलन के महत्व पर बल दिया?
A. Skinner / स्किनर ✅
B. Bandura / बंडुरा
C. Pavlov / पावलॉव
D. Bruner / ब्रूनर
🧠 Concept: Skinner’s operant conditioning theory.

88. The concept of “Readiness for Learning” is associated with —
“अधिगम की तैयारी” की अवधारणा संबंधित है —
A. Thorndike / थॉर्नडाइक ✅
B. Pavlov / पावलॉव
C. Skinner / स्किनर
D. Watson / वॉटसन
🧠 Concept: Law of Readiness – learning occurs when a person is mentally prepared.

89. Moral development theory was given by —
नैतिक विकास का सिद्धांत किसने दिया था?
A. Erikson / एरिक्सन
B. Piaget / पियाजे
C. Kohlberg / कोहलबर्ग ✅
D. Freud / फ्रायड
🧠 Concept: Kohlberg’s stages – pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional.

90. Social learning theory is based on —
सामाजिक अधिगम सिद्धांत आधारित है —
A. Observation and imitation / अवलोकन एवं अनुकरण ✅
B. Reinforcement alone / केवल पुनर्बलन
C. Trial and error / प्रयत्न एवं भूल
D. Maturation / परिपक्वता
🧠 Concept: Bandura – learning occurs through modeling.

91. In adolescence, “identity crisis” occurs according to —
किशोरावस्था में “पहचान संकट” किसके अनुसार होता है?
A. Freud / फ्रायड
B. Erikson / एरिक्सन ✅
C. Piaget / पियाजे
D. Rogers / रोजर्स
🧠 Concept: Erikson’s 5th stage – Identity vs. Role Confusion.

92. Which method provides deep insight into a child’s background?
कौन–सी विधि बच्चे की पृष्ठभूमि में गहरी अंतर्दृष्टि देती है?
A. Case study / प्रकरण अध्ययन ✅
B. Observation / अवलोकन
C. Experiment / प्रयोग
D. Interview / साक्षात्कार
🧠 Concept: Case study = detailed study of one child’s life history.

93. When a child imitates his teacher’s behavior, it reflects —
जब बच्चा अपने शिक्षक के व्यवहार की नकल करता है, तो यह दर्शाता है —
A. Classical conditioning / शास्त्रीय अनुबंधन
B. Social learning / सामाजिक अधिगम ✅
C. Trial and error / प्रयत्न–भूल
D. Insight learning / अंतर्दृष्टि अधिगम
🧠 Concept: Learning through observation and modeling (Bandura).

94. “Scaffolding” in learning refers to —
अधिगम में “सहारा देना” (स्कैफोल्डिंग) का तात्पर्य है —
A. Punishment
B. Support by teacher or peer / शिक्षक या सहपाठी द्वारा सहायता ✅
C. Grading
D. Repetition
🧠 Concept: Temporary support that helps learners achieve higher level of understanding.

95. Which of the following is an affective domain objective?
निम्नलिखित में से कौन–सा भावात्मक क्षेत्र का उद्देश्य है?
A. To recall facts / तथ्यों को याद करना
B. To perform experiment / प्रयोग करना
C. To develop positive attitude / सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण विकसित करना ✅
D. To analyze data / आँकड़े विश्लेषण करना
🧠 Concept: Affective domain deals with emotions, values, attitudes.

96. Creativity involves —
सृजनात्मकता में शामिल है —
A. Convergent thinking / अभिसारी सोच
B. Divergent thinking / अपसारी सोच ✅
C. Memorization / रटना
D. Conditioning / अनुबंधन
🧠 Concept: Creativity requires originality and flexibility of thought.

97. According to Freud, personality develops through —
फ्रायड के अनुसार व्यक्तित्व का विकास होता है —
A. Cognitive stages / संज्ञानात्मक अवस्थाएँ
B. Psychosexual stages / मनो–यौन अवस्थाएँ ✅
C. Moral stages / नैतिक अवस्थाएँ
D. Emotional stages / भावनात्मक अवस्थाएँ
🧠 Concept: Freud’s stages – oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

98. The concept of “Multiple Intelligences” was given by —
“बहु–बुद्धियों” की अवधारणा किसने दी थी?
A. Goleman / गोलमैन
B. Gardner / गार्डनर ✅
C. Sternberg / स्टर्नबर्ग
D. Spearman / स्पीयरमैन
🧠 Concept: Gardner proposed eight different types of intelligences.

99. Emotional Intelligence is the ability to —
भावनात्मक बुद्धिमत्ता वह क्षमता है जिससे व्यक्ति —
A. Use logic only / केवल तर्क का प्रयोग करता है
B. Understand and manage emotions / भावनाओं को समझता व नियंत्रित करता है ✅
C. Recall information / जानकारी याद करता है
D. Analyze data / आँकड़े विश्लेषण करता है
🧠 Concept: Goleman’s theory – awareness, regulation, empathy.

100. The best method to study child behavior in depth is —
बच्चों के व्यवहार का गहन अध्ययन करने की सर्वोत्तम विधि है —
A. Experimental method / प्रयोगात्मक विधि
B. Case study method / प्रकरण अध्ययन विधि ✅
C. Observation method / अवलोकन विधि
D. Survey method / सर्वेक्षण विधि
🧠 Concept: Case study gives detailed qualitative understanding.

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