The Mauryan and Post-Mauryan Period in Himachal Pradesh:- One Liner & MCQ

The Mauryan and Post-Mauryan Period in Himachal Pradesh:- One Liner & MCQ

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The Mauryan and Post-Mauryan Period in Himachal Pradesh

This topic covers the important ancient History that reveal the early history of Himachal Pradesh, including coins, inscriptions, copper plates, literature, monuments, travel accounts, and genealogies. It helps in understanding the political and cultural development of ancient Himachal and is highly important for HPPSC, HPAS, and other state exams.

Also Read:- Ancient Source Of Himachal Pradesh History

The Mauryan and Post-Mauryan Period in Himachal Pradesh

 (i) मौर्यकाल / Mauryan Period

सिकंदर का आक्रमण / Invasion of Alexander
सिकंदर ने 326 BC के समय भारत पर आक्रमण किया और व्यास नदी तक पहुँच गया। सिकंदर के सैनिकों ने व्यास नदी के आगे जाने से इंकार कर दिया था। इसमें सबसे प्रमुख उसका सेनापति कोइनोस’ (Coenus) था।
सिकंदर ने व्यास नदी के तट पर अपने भारत अभियान की निशानी के तौर पर बारह स्तूपों (twelve stupas) का निर्माण करवाया था जो अब नष्ट हो चुके हैं।

चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य / Chandragupta Maurya
चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य ने पहाड़ी राजा पर्वतक और अपने प्रधानमंत्री चाणक्य (Chanakya) के साथ मिलकर मौर्य साम्राज्य की स्थापना की ओर कदम बढ़ाए।
विशाखादत्त के मुद्राराक्षस (Mudrarakshasa) और जैन ग्रंथ परिशिष्टपवरण (Parishishtaparvan) में पर्वतक और चाणक्य के बीच संधि का वर्णन मिलता है।
मुद्राराक्षस’ के अनुसार चन्द्रगुप्त ने किरात और खशों (Kiratas and Khasas) को अपनी सेना में भर्ती किया। पर्वतक निश्चय ही त्रिगर्त नरेश (King of Trigarta) रहा होगा।
पर्वतीय राजाओं में केवल कुलूत के राजा चित्रवर्मा (King Chitravarma of Kuluta) और कश्मीर के राजा पुष्कराक्ष (King Pushkaraksha of Kashmir) ने चन्द्रगुप्त का विरोध किया था।
चाणक्य की सहायता से 323 .पू. (323 B.C.) में चन्द्रगुप्त ने नंदवंश का नाश कर सिंहासन पर बैठा और मौर्य साम्राज्य की स्थापना की।
कुलिंद राज्य (Kulinda State) को मौर्यकाल में शिरमौर्य (Shirmourya) कहा गया क्योंकि यह मौर्य साम्राज्य के शीर्ष पर स्थित था। कालांतर में यही शिरमौर्य  सिरमौर (Sirmaur) बन गया।

अशोक / Ashoka
चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य के पोते अशोक (Ashoka) ने मझिम्म (Majjhima) और चार बौद्ध भिक्षुओं को हिमालय में बौद्ध धर्म के प्रचार के लिए भेजा।
ह्वेनसाँग (Hiuen Tsang) के अनुसार अशोक ने कुल्लू (Kullu) और काँगड़ा (Kangra) में बौद्ध स्तूपों का निर्माण करवाया था।
कुल्लू के कलथ (Kalth) और काँगड़ा के चैंतडू (Chaitadu) में अशोक निर्मित स्तूप स्थित हैं।
कालसी (Kalsi, Uttarakhand) में अशोककालीन शिलालेख पाए गए हैं।
हिमालय क्षेत्र में बौद्ध धर्म के प्रचार में मझिम्म का साथ चार भिक्षुओं — कस्सपगोता (Kassapagotta)धुन्धीभिसारा (Dhundhibhisara)सहदेव (Sahadeva) और मुलकदेव (Mulakadeva) ने दिया।
हिमाचल प्रदेश में 242 B.C. में ही बौद्ध धर्म का प्रवेश हो गया था।
210 B.C. 
के आसपास मौर्य साम्राज्य का पतन आरंभ हुआ जो 185 B.C. में शुंग वंश (Shunga Dynasty) की स्थापना से पूर्ण हो गया।

(ii) मौर्योत्तर काल (शुंगकुषाण वंश) / Post-Mauryan Period (Shunga and Kushan Dynasties)

मौर्यों के पतन के बाद शुंग वंश (Shunga Dynasty) पहाड़ी गणराज्यों को अपने अधीन नहीं रख पाया और वे स्वतंत्र हो गए।
ईसा पूर्व प्रथम शताब्दी के आसपास शकों (Shakas) का आक्रमण शुरू हुआ।
शकों के बाद कुषाणों (Kushanas) के सबसे प्रमुख राजा कनिष्क (Kanishka) के शासनकाल में पहाड़ी राज्यों ने समर्पण कर दिया और कनिष्क की अधीनता स्वीकार कर ली।

कुषाणों के 40 सिक्के (40 coins) कालकाकसौली सड़क (Kal ka-Kasauli road) पर मिले हैं।
कनिष्क का एक सिक्का काँगड़ा के कनिहारा (Kanihara, Kangra) में मिला है।
पहाड़ी राजा कुषाणों के साथ अपने सिक्के चलाने के लिए स्वतंत्र (freedom to mint their own coins) थे।

दूसरी शताब्दी के अंत और तीसरी शताब्दी के प्रारंभ में कुषाणों की शक्ति कमजोर होने पर यौद्धेय (Yaudheyas)अर्जुनायन (Arjunayanas) और कुलिंद (Kulindas) ने मिलकर कुषाणों को सतलुज नदी (Sutlej River) पार धकेल दिया और अपनी आज़ादी के प्रतीक के रूप में सिक्के चलाए (issued coins)



(i) Mauryan Period

Invasion of Alexander
Alexander invaded India in 326 B.C. and reached up to the Beas River. His soldiers refused to march beyond the Beas, and the most notable among them was his general Coenus.
On the banks of the Beas River, Alexander built twelve stupas as a mark of his Indian campaign, but all of them have now been destroyed.

Chandragupta Maurya
Chandragupta Maurya, along with the hill king Parvataka and his prime minister Chanakya, took steps towards establishing the Mauryan Empire.
The Mudrarakshasa of Vishakhadatta and the Jain text Parishishtaparvan mention an alliance between Parvataka and Chanakya.
According to Mudrarakshasa, Chandragupta recruited Kiratas and Khasas into his army. Parvataka was certainly the ruler of Trigarta.

Among the hill rulers, only King Chitravarma of Kuluta and King Pushkaraksha of Kashmir opposed Chandragupta.
With the help of Chanakya, Chandragupta destroyed the Nanda dynasty in 323 B.C. and established the Mauryan Empire.

During the Mauryan period, the Kulinda State was known as Shirmourya, as it was located at the top of the Mauryan Empire. Over time, Shirmourya became Sirmaur.

Ashoka
Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, sent Majjhima and four Buddhist monks to the Himalayan region to spread Buddhism.
According to the Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang, Ashoka built Buddhist stupas in Kullu and Kangra.

Ashoka’s stupas are located at Kalath (Kullu) and Chaitadu (Kangra).
Ashokan inscriptions have also been found at Kalsi (Uttarakhand).

In the Himalayan region, Majjhima was accompanied by four monks — KassapagottaDhundhibhisaraSahadeva, and Mulakadeva — for the propagation of Buddhism.
Buddhism entered Himachal Pradesh around 242 B.C.

The decline of the Mauryan Empire began around 210 B.C. and was completed with the establishment of the Shunga Dynasty in 185 B.C.

(ii) Post-Mauryan Period (Shunga and Kushan Dynasties)

After the fall of the Mauryas, the Shunga Dynasty could not keep the hill republics under its control, and they became independent.
Around the 1st century B.C., the Shaka (Scythian) invasions began.

After the Shakas, during the reign of the most prominent Kushan ruler Kanishka, the hill states surrendered and accepted his suzerainty.

Forty Kushan coins have been discovered along the Kalka–Kasauli road, and a coin of Kanishka was found at Kanihara (Kangra).
The hill rulers were free to mint their own coins alongside the Kushans.

By the end of the 2nd century A.D. and the beginning of the 3rd century A.D., as the power of the Kushans weakened, the YaudheyasArjunayanas, and Kulindas united, drove the Kushans beyond the Sutlej River, and issued their own coins as a symbol of independence.

The Mauryan and Post-Mauryan Period in Himachal Pradesh :- One Liner

Q1. सिकंदर ने अपने भारत अभियान की गवाही देने वाले बारह स्तूपों का निर्माण किस नदी के तट पर करवाया था?

On the bank of which river did Alexander build twelve stupas as a mark of his Indian campaign?
उत्तर / Answer: व्यास नदी (हाइपेसिस) / Beas River (Hyphasis)

Q2. उस सेनापति का क्या नाम था जिसने सिकंदर को भारत विजय के लिए आगे बढ़ने से मना किया था?

What was the name of the general who advised Alexander not to advance further in his Indian campaign?
उत्तर / Answer: कोइनोस / Coenus

Q3. सिकंदर को व्यास नदी पार किए बिना स्वदेश लौटने के लिए कौनसा कारण जिम्मेदार था?

What was the reason behind Alexander’s decision to return home without crossing the Beas River?
उत्तर / Answer: ज्योतिषियों द्वारा मना करना / Advised against it by astrologers

Q4. सिकंदर ने भारत विजय के अंतिम बिंदु की पहचान के लिए क्या किया था?

What did Alexander do to mark the final point of his Indian conquest?
उत्तर / Answer:
उसने 50 क्यूबिक ऊँचाई की वर्गाकार पत्थरों की 12 वेदियाँ व्यास नदी के ऊपरी तट पर बनवाईं।
He built twelve square stone altars, each 50 cubits high, on the upper bank of the Beas River.

Q5. अशोक ने हिमाचल प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म के प्रचार के लिए किस भिक्षु को भेजा था?

Which monk was sent by Ashoka to propagate Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh?
उत्तर / Answer: मझिम्म / Majjhima

Q6. अशोक ने हिमाचल प्रदेश के किस स्थान पर कुछ स्तूपों का निर्माण करवाया था?

At which place in Himachal Pradesh did Ashoka build some stupas?
उत्तर / Answer: कुल्लूत की वादी / The valley of Kuluta (Kullu Valley)

The Mauryan and Post-Mauryan Period in Himachal Pradesh :- MCQ

Q1. अपने प्राचीनतम ढाँचे के लिए प्रसिद्ध वह गाँव कौनसा है जिसका नाम सिकंदर महान से जोड़ा जाता है?

Which village, famous for its ancient architecture, is associated with Alexander the Great?
(A) परागपुर / Paragpur
(B) लोसर / Losar
(C) मलाणा / Malana
(D) कहतूर / Kahtur
उत्तर / Answer: (C) मलाणा / Malana

Q2. अपनी भारत विजय के बीच में व्यास नदी से आगे  बढ़ने के सिकन्दर के निर्णय का मुख्य कारण क्या था?

What was the main reason for Alexander’s decision not to advance beyond the Beas River during his Indian campaign?
(A) व्यास तथा अन्य नदियों में आई बाढ़ / Floods in Beas and other rivers
(B) भारतीय शासकों द्वारा एकत्र की गई बड़ी सेना का डर / Fear of large Indian armies
(C) अपने सरदारों का विद्रोह / Rebellion of his commanders
(D) अपने भविष्यवक्ताओं की सलाह / Advice of his prophets
उत्तर / Answer: (C) अपने सरदारों का विद्रोह / Rebellion of his commanders
या / Or: (D) अपने भविष्यवक्ताओं की सलाह / Advice of his prophets

Q3. टोन्स और यमुना नदी के समीप स्थित कालसी में किसने पत्थर पर लिखित राजघोषणा का निर्माण करवाया था?

Who built the rock edict inscription at Kalsi near the Tons and Yamuna rivers?
(A) चन्द्रगुप्त / Chandragupta
(B) कनिष्क / Kanishka
(C) बुद्ध / Buddha
(D) अशोक / Ashoka
उत्तर / Answer: (D) अशोक / Ashoka

Q4. सिकन्दर ने किस वर्ष व्यास नदी के तट पर कदम रखा था?

In which year did Alexander reach the bank of the Beas River?
(A) 326 BC
(B) 221 AD
(C) 550 AD
(D) 50 BC
उत्तर / Answer: (A) 326 BC

Q5. अशोक द्वारा हिमाचल प्रदेश की पौंटा घाटी में निर्मित एक स्तूप को एक मुसलमान शासक ने दिल्ली में कहाँ स्थानांतरित किया था?

A stupa built by Ashoka in the Paonta Valley of Himachal Pradesh was shifted to which place in Delhi by a Muslim ruler?
(A) चाँदनी चौक / Chandni Chowk
(B) पहाड़गंज / Paharganj
(C) फिरोजशाह कोटला / Firoz Shah Kotla
(D) शाहदरा / Shahdara
उत्तर / Answer: (C) फिरोजशाह कोटला / Firoz Shah Kotla

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